Student's Journal of Health Research Africa
Student's Journal of Health Research Africa (SJHR-Africa) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal committed to advancing high-quality research that improves health outcomes in Africa and beyond. The journal provides an inclusive platform for the dissemination of original research, systematic reviews, case reports, short communications, and evidence-based scholarly work across the health sciences and related disciplines. SJHR-Africa is indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and has been selected for inclusion in the Elsevier EMBASE database, reflecting its commitment to international publishing standards, rigorous peer review, and scientific quality. The journal is published in both online (ISSN: 2709-9997) and print (ISSN: 3006-1059) editions, ensuring broad accessibility and global visibility of published research. While the journal places particular emphasis on supporting student researchers, early-career scientists, and emerging scholars, it welcomes high-quality submissions from researchers, academics, clinicians, and professionals worldwide. SJHR-Africa is dedicated to promoting equitable access to scientific knowledge by making all published articles freely available to readers without subscription barriers, thereby fostering innovation, collaboration, and evidence-informed decision-making in healthcare.
Influence of at-risk gambling on the mental well-being of the youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala District, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The football pools are still around today and are, in fact, the source of inspiration for fixed odds on gambling. To assess the influence of at-risk gambling on the mental well-being of the youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala District, Uganda. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design. Quantitative data were analysed using a computerised data analysis program known as the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: There was a significant but negative effect of at-risk gambling on mental well-being (β=.211, p=.007). Specifically, the study results show that at-risk gambling significantly accounted for 4.4% of the variance in mental well-being (R2 =0.044, F (1,369), p =.000). Furthermore, the regression coefficient for at-risk gambling was found to be -0.392 with a standard error of 0.095. This implies that for every unit increase in at-risk gambling behaviour, mental well-being decreases by 0.392 units. The negative relationship between at-risk gambling and mental well-being was found to be statistically significant (t(369)=-4.140, p=0.000). This affirms the predictive power of at-risk gambling behaviour on mental well-being. However, since the R2 is below 0.25, this indicates that the effect size is small. Thus, the R2 of 0.044 obtained in the present regression model indicates that at-risk gambling behaviour plays a moderate but significant role in mental well-being. The majority of the respondents were self-employed (51.9%). Conclusion: At-risk gambling was found to have a significant negative effect on youth mental well-being, particularly influencing social and environmental well-being. Youth engaged in at-risk gambling reported strained relationships, financial instability, and exposure to gambling environments that heightened psychological stress. Recommendations: It is recommended that the Ministry of Finance, together with the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, develop and fund youth empowerment programs that provide vocational skills and employment opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Albert Louis Elwa, Clesistom Ahimbisibwe, Dr. Frank Pio Kiyingi, Dr. Oluka Robert https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Factors explaining tobacco use among young people in the Ngaba health zone: The case of the Mukulua health area and proposed health education components.
Introduction Smoking among young people is a major public health problem. In Mukulua, social environment, peer influence, pleasure, taste, and stress contribute to tobacco use. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, social, and behavioral factors associated with smoking and to propose appropriate health education, including prevention and smoking cessation. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from May 23 to June 25, 2026, in the Mukulua Health Area among 384 young people aged 15–30 years. Convenience sampling was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire following a pre-survey and informed consent, while maintaining confidentiality. Results The study found that 83.6% of young people had smoked previously, with males predominating. The social environment was the main source of information (96%). The main reasons for smoking were peer influence (33.3%), pleasure and taste (29.3%), and stress (22.1%). Age, occupation, and marital status were significantly associated with smoking. Discussion Smoking among young people in Mukulua was mainly associated with peer influence, pleasure, taste, and stress. Age, occupation, and marital status also showed significant associations. Despite good knowledge of the health risks, smoking prevalence remained high and cessation was difficult. Conclusion Smoking among young people in Mukulua is multifactorial, mainly associated with peer influence, pleasure, stress, and certain sociodemographic characteristics. Despite awareness of the risks, tobacco use remains high and quitting is difficult. Integrated, participatory, and youth-friendly health education is therefore needed.
Section of Community and Public Health Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Jacques Nkolangi Bakokela, Gérard Eloko Eya Matangelo, Bob Senker Ndimba, Emmanuel Kitete Mulongo, Mbadu Zebe, Jean-Paul Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa, Jules Kangite Moti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Immature reticulocyte fraction and erythrocyte indices in children with homozygous sickle cell disease during the interictal phase: A cross-sectional study in Lubumbashi.
Introduction: Homozygous sickle cell disease (SS) is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia and vaso -occlusive crises. In Lubumbashi (DRC), routine laboratory evaluation is often limited to a complete blood count, neglecting advanced reticulocyte parameters. This study aims to evaluate the profile of the immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and erythrocyte constants in children with SS sickle cell disease during the intercritical phase. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 children with SS sickle cell disease, aged 1 to 12 years, followed at the DeeServices Medical Laboratory. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and IRF (sum of medium and high fluorescence fractions), were measured using the URIT 5160 analyzer. Statistical analysis was based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to assess the relationships between variables, in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: The cohort presented with severe anemia, with a mean hemoglobin concentration of 7.33 g/ dL and impaired erythrocyte indices. The median IRF was 23.30%, reflecting significant reticulocyte stress and sustained compensatory erythropoietic activity. A positive and highly significant correlation ( rho = 0.923, p < 0.001 ) was found between IRF and the absolute reticulocyte count. Conclusion: The intercritical phase in children with sickle cell disease (SS) does not correspond to a state of biological rest, but rather to active bone marrow regeneration. The IRF (erythropoietic response index) proves to be a relevant indicator for documenting the erythropoietic response in a cross-sectional setting. Recommendation: It is recommended that hospital laboratories in Haut-Katanga routinely integrate automated hematological analyzers capable of measuring IRF alongside absolute reticulocyte counts to accurately assess bone marrow regenerative activity during the interictal phase of pediatric sickle cell disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arold Fazili, Priscille Lushimba Samukini, Adonis Kalume, Armand Abasi, Jean Paul Nbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perceptions, experiences and views of nurses, patients and families on bedside handover practices: A scoping review.
Background Bedside handover is increasingly recognised as a means of promoting patient-centred care, improving patient safety, and enhancing communication. Its implementation varies across healthcare settings, and the perception of nurses towards it plays a critical role. The purpose of this scoping reviewwas to identify and map the existing literature on the perceptions, experiences, and views of nurses, patients, and families regarding bedside handover. Methods The review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive search of studies published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted across electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO-Host, and Google Scholar. The search was limited to articles written in English. A scoping review was conducted to examine nursing handover practices. Studies published between 2020 and 2025 that investigated nursing handover, bedside handover, communication, handover tools, and related outcomes were eligible for inclusion. Data were charted using a structured extraction form capturing author, year, country, design, population, sample size, tools, and key findings. Results A total of 13 studies met the final eligibility criteria. Across the included studies, nurses, patients, and families generally viewed bedside handover positively, particularly regarding its contribution to communication, patient involvement, continuity of care, and patient safety. However, concerns relating to confidentiality, workload, environmental barriers, and the lack of standardised handover processes influenced experiences and perceptions of bedside handover across healthcare settings. Conclusion Effective handovers, driven by standardised tools and clear communication, are vital for patient safety. Strengthening institutional support and patient involvement optimises clinical transitions, ultimately improving healthcare efficiency and long-term medical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mokganya N Mofokeng, Siyanda Alex Ngema, PhD, Thabiso Lankiri Annanias Bale, Tendani Sara Ramukumba, PhD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Midwives’ views and experiences on birthing positions utilised during labour in maternity units: A scoping review of qualitative studies.
Introduction: Childbirth remains a personal experience for mothers giving birth globally. Maternal positions during childbirth significantly affect the birthing process and its outcomes. Midwives play a crucial role in facilitating these positions, directly supporting Sustainable Development Goal 3 by reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Their expertise ensures safe, evidence-based care, promoting health and well-being for mothers and infants throughout the birthing process. Aim: To map the evidence from the published literature on midwives' views and experiences of birthing positions used during labour in maternity obstetric units. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple search databases, including Scopus, Medline, PubMed, ProQuest, Springer, and Wiley. A scoping review was conducted in line with the steps of Arksey and O’Malley. Results: The search yielded 248 studies; six were selected for the final evaluation. The chosen review articles were all published between 2015 and 2025. Six qualitative studies were included in the final review. The thematic analysis identified seven key themes: 1) midwives' views and beliefs about birthing positions, 2) institutional and organisational obstacles, 3) power relations and professional hierarchies, 4) cultural competence and woman-centred care, 5) maternal autonomy and informed choice, 6) enablers of physiological birth, and 7) safety concerns and risk assessment. Conclusion: This review highlights the need to integrate midwives’ insights into practice to enhance maternal and neonatal outcomes and improve the overall childbirth experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mokgabodi LDM, Ngema, S.A., RN, PhD, Masubelele, N.A., RN, PhD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Occupational risks among healthcare professionals in the dressing care unit of the Lagune University Hospital Center for Mother and Child (CHU-MEL), Cotonou, Benin: an exploratory descriptive qualitative study.
Background: Healthcare workers are exposed to biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards. This study analyzed occupational risks among healthcare workers in the dressing care unit of the Lagune University Hospital Center for Mother and Child (CHU-MEL) in Cotonou, Benin. Methods: An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was conducted among five healthcare workers assigned to the dressing care unit, comprising three state-registered nurses and two nursing assistants. Data were collected between January 25 and February 25, 2025, through five individual semi-structured interviews, each lasting approximately 45 minutes, and five non-participant direct observation sessions, each lasting approximately 10 minutes. The interview guide was pretested in a healthcare facility in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Results: Six categories of occupational risks were identified: biological, chemical, physicochemical, ergonomic, mechanical, and psychosocial risks. Biological risks included exposure to blood and other biological fluids, inconsistent application of standard precautions, handling of healthcare waste, and incomplete hepatitis B vaccination coverage. Chemical risks involved the handling and storage of disinfectants and bleach. Ergonomic risks included awkward postures, prolonged standing, and inadequate furniture. Psychosocial risks were associated with workload, staffing constraints, fatigue, and occupational stress. Biological and psychosocial risks had the highest criticality scores (12 each), followed by ergonomic risks (8), chemical and mechanical risks (6 each), and physicochemical risks (3). Conclusion: Healthcare workers in the dressing care unit of CHU-MEL are exposed to multiple occupational risks, with biological and psychosocial risks representing the highest priorities in the context of this study. Recommendation: Occupational health and safety measures should prioritize the consistent application of standard precautions, continuous access to appropriate personal protective equipment, hepatitis B vaccination, proper healthcare waste management, safe handling of chemical products, improved workplace ergonomics, adequate staffing and workload management, as well as the prevention of occupational stress and fatigue.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mujanay Kalambo Alex, Senker Ndimba Bob, Mukadi Bamuleka Daniel, Hinson Antoine Vikkey, Kafinga Luzolo Emery https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determinants of Insufficient Knowledge About Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Tuberculosis Patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains an important public health challenge, particularly in settings with a high tuberculosis burden. This study aimed to identify factors associated with insufficient knowledge about MDR-TB among tuberculosis patients receiving care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods: A quantitative analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 165 tuberculosis patients aged ≥15 years receiving care at selected tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment facilities in Kinshasa. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge of MDR-TB, sociodemographic characteristics, access to health information, and selected sociocultural factors. Knowledge was categorized as insufficient when the participant obtained <50% of correct responses and adequate when the score was ≥50%. Associations were assessed using bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results : Among the 165 participants, 106 (64.2%) were men and 59 (35.8%) were women. Most participants were aged 31–40 years (39.4%), and 94 (57.0%) had no formal education or only primary education. Only 44 participants (26.7%) reported having previously received information about MDR-TB. Overall, 100 participants (60.6%) had insufficient knowledge. In multivariable analysis, male sex was associated with lower odds of insufficient knowledge (aOR=0.204; 95% CI: 0.093–0.448; p<0.001), whereas no formal/primary education (aOR=4.393; 95% CI: 1.961–9.840; p<0.001), affiliation with revivalist or Kimbanguist churches (aOR=4.261; 95% CI: 1.698–10.690; p=0.002), and no previous information about MDR-TB (aOR=5.142; 95% CI: 2.188–12.085; p<0.001) were associated with higher odds of insufficient knowledge. Conclusion : Insufficient knowledge about MDR-TB was common among tuberculosis patients included in this study. Low educational attainment and lack of previous information were particularly strong factors associated with insufficient knowledge. Strengthening patient-centred health education, using communication materials adapted to different literacy levels and involving community stakeholders may improve understanding of MDR-TB in Kinshasa.
Identification of Risk Factors for Mortality Due to Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients Managed at the Lufungula Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment Center in the National Police Health Zone, Kinshasa Provincial Health Division: A Survival Analysis.
Introduction: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is among the countries with a high burden of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Identifying factors associated with mortality is essential to improving patient management and survival. This study aimed to identify risk factors for mortality among patients with MDR-TB followed at the Lufungula Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment Health Center, in the National Police Health Zone, Kinshasa. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using data from 404 patients aged 20 to 54 years, registered between 2010 and 2019. Exhaustive sampling was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, R, and Stata 12. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods to identify factors associated with mortality. Results: Mortality was significantly higher among patients aged 20–29 years (p<0.001). The main factors associated with mortality were treatment interruption (p=0.044), treatment failure (p=0.001), relapse (p<0.001), missed appointments (p<0.001), tobacco use (p=0.013), alcohol consumption (p=0.048), and a family history of MDR-TB (p<0.001). Shorter survival was also observed among patients who were unaware of their MDR-TB status and those who experienced treatment failure, relapse, or poor treatment adherence. Conclusion: Mortality related to MDR-TB is associated with sociodemographic, behavioral, and therapeutic factors. Strengthening early diagnosis, therapeutic education, patient follow-up, and treatment adherence is essential to improving patient survival.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jacques Nkolangi Bakokela, Gérard Eloko Eya Matengelo, Bob Senker Ndimba, Emmanuel Kitete Mulongo, Mbadu Zebe, Jean-Paul Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa, Jules Kangite Moti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A cross-sectional study to examine distinct patterns of attitude towards complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) in people hypothetically facing rheumatoid arthritis.
Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting 0.3-1.0% of the global population, managed through conventional, complementary, and alternative treatment strategies. Awareness and acceptance of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) among the general population remain poorly understood, particularly in relation to educational background and personal exposure to RA. This study aimed to assess CAM awareness and identify factors influencing hypothetical treatment selection for RA. Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted among 200 randomly selected participants using an online, bilingual (English/Hindi) structured questionnaire. Participants were presented with a hypothetical RA scenario and asked to select preferred treatment options among conventional, complementary, and alternative therapies. The influence of educational qualification and prior acquaintance with an RA patient on treatment selection was analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 200 participants, 110 (55.0%) were male, and 90 (45.0%) were female; 136 (68.0%) were aged 18–30 years. Overall, 55.3% were unaware of the term CAM. Diet, physiotherapy, meditation, and yoga were among the most preferred treatment options. Educational qualification significantly influenced meditation/yoga selection (p = 0.0139), while prior acquaintance with an RA patient significantly increased selection of diet/physiotherapy (p = 0.0006) and meditation/yoga (p = 0.0026). Conclusion: Personal exposure to RA, rather than education alone, was a stronger predictor of preference for complementary, lifestyle-based therapies, underscoring the need for greater public awareness of CAM in RA management. Recommendation: The study recommends improving public awareness of CAM and its evidence-based role in RA management, particularly regarding appropriate complementary and lifestyle-based therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vats Srishti, Saksham Pandey, Raushan Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Caregiver Burden and Quality of Life Among Primary Caregivers of Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Cross-sectional Study
Background Caregivers of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) may experience substantial burden and impaired quality of life due to prolonged caregiving demands. However, this association remains underexplored in Indian settings. Objectives: To assess caregiver burden and quality of life among primary caregivers of HNC patients and examine their association with sociodemographic and clinical variables. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 18 months among 124 primary caregivers of histopathologically confirmed HNC patients admitted to a tertiary care institute in Rajasthan, India. Caregiver burden was assessed using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and caregiver quality of life using the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC). Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 25. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, and Spearman correlation were used, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results The mean ZBI score was 40.1 ± 15.9; 41.1% of caregivers reported mild-to-moderate burden, 21.8% moderate-to-severe burden, and 17.7% severe burden. The mean CQOLC score was 102.14 ± 27.59 and declined progressively with increasing burden, from 123.83 ± 11.24 among caregivers with little/no burden to 68.46 ± 26.18 among those with severe burden (p<0.001). ZBI score showed a strong negative correlation with CQOLC (r = −0.708, p<0.001). Caregiver burden was significantly associated with education, marital status, relationship to patient, socioeconomic class, patient care dependency, cancer stage, health insurance status, and treatment modality (p<0.05). CQOLC scores were significantly lower among caregivers of patients with greater care dependency, advanced cancer stage, absence of health insurance, and surgical treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion Caregiver burden is common among primary caregivers of HNC patients and is strongly inversely associated with quality of life. Recommendation Routine screening for caregiver burden and provision of psychosocial and financial support should be integrated into comprehensive HNC care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Tanay Agrawal, Muhammed Faraz Chishty, Nitin Kumar, Bharat Agarwal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Opioid-Free Total Intravenous Anaesthesia Improves Postoperative Quality of Recovery After Ambulatory Gynecologic Laparoscopy: A Retrospective Comparative Study.
Background: To compare postoperative quality of recovery and perioperative outcomes between opioid-free total intravenous anaesthesia (OFTIVA) and conventional opioid-based total intravenous anaesthesia (OTIVA) in women undergoing ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 120 women who underwent elective ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy under total intravenous anaesthesia at Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, West Bengal, India, from March 2025 to April 2026. Patients were categorized into OFTIVA (n=60) and OTIVA (n=60) groups according to the anaesthetic technique documented in hospital records. The primary outcome was the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score at 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), rescue analgesic requirement, time to ambulation, post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, haemodynamic variables, and patient satisfaction. Results: The OFTIVA group had significantly higher QoR-15 scores than the OTIVA group (130.6 ± 7.8 vs 119.4 ± 9.3; p<0.001). VAS pain scores were significantly lower with OFTIVA at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours (all p<0.001). PONV occurred in 10.0% versus 31.7% of patients (p=0.003), while rescue analgesia was required in 26.7% versus 65.0% (p<0.001). OFTIVA was associated with earlier ambulation (5.9 ± 1.5 vs 7.8 ± 2.0 hours; p<0.001) and shorter PACU stay (76.5 ± 15.3 vs 98.7 ± 19.6 minutes; p<0.001). Patient satisfaction was also significantly higher with OFTIVA (p=0.002). Mean heart rate was lower with OFTIVA (73.8 ± 7.5 vs 79.4 ± 8.6 beats/min; p<0.001), while hypotension and bradycardia did not differ significantly. Conclusion: OFTIVA was associated with improved postoperative recovery and comparable haemodynamic outcomes compared with OTIVA in women undergoing ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy. Recommendation: OFTIVA may be considered for appropriately selected patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy. Prospective multicentre studies are recommended to confirm these findings.
Section of Anesthesia and Surgery Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunil Kumar Kedia, Ritika Kedia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia for gynecological diagnostic laparoscopy: A retrospective comparative study.
Background Diagnostic laparoscopy is widely used for evaluating infertility, chronic pelvic pain, adnexal pathology, and other pelvic disorders. General anaesthesia (GA) remains standard, while spinal anaesthesia (SA) may offer advantages in postoperative pain control, reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and faster recovery. Objective To compare perioperative outcomes of spinal and general anaesthesia in women undergoing gynecological diagnostic laparoscopy. Materials and Methods This retrospective comparative study included 120 women who underwent elective gynecological diagnostic laparoscopy at Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Rajbandh, West Bengal, between January 2024 and January 2025. Patients were categorized into SA (n=60) and GA (n=60) groups based on hospital records. Demographic, intraoperative, postoperative, recovery, and patient satisfaction outcomes were evaluated. Results Mean operative duration was comparable between groups (48.3±11.2 vs 49.5±10.7 minutes, p=0.54). Six-hour postoperative pain scores were significantly lower with SA (2.8±1.1 vs 4.6±1.4, p<0.001). PONV occurred in 8.3% versus 28.3% (p=0.005), and rescue analgesic requirement was 30.0% versus 71.7% (p<0.001) in SA and GA groups, respectively. Recovery room stay was shorter with SA (88.5±18.6 vs 112.4±24.3 minutes, p<0.001), with higher patient satisfaction. Conclusion SA was associated with improved postoperative analgesia, reduced PONV and analgesic requirements, and faster recovery compared with GA, with comparable operative outcomes. Recommendation SA may be considered an alternative to GA in appropriately selected women undergoing short-duration gynecological diagnostic laparoscopy.
Steroid-Responsive Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis in Adulthood: A Case Report.
Background: Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), most commonly reported in children but occasionally seen in adults. Case Presentation: We describe a 30-year-old woman with recurrent hemoptysis, anemia, and dyspnea for two years. Investigations revealed iron deficiency anemia, diffuse ground-glass opacities on HRCT, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages on bronchoalveolar lavage. Transbronchial biopsy confirmed pulmonary hemosiderosis. She was treated with oral corticosteroids (0.75 mg/kg/day), resulting in complete clinical and radiological resolution within one month. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering IPH in adults presenting with unexplained DAH and anemia, particularly in tuberculosis-endemic regions. Early recognition and corticosteroid therapy can lead to favorable outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Krishnan Namboothiri.E, Dr. Deependra Kumar Rai, Dr. Somesh Thakur, Dr. Javeeria Shabbir, Dr. Jisha G. Panicker, Dr. Thaodem Collin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Economic Factors Influencing Healthcare Access and Health Outcomes Among Residents of Salaama Parish, Makindye Division, Kampala. A cross-sectional study.
Background: Income levels and employment status are significant determinants of healthcare access. Low-income households are more likely to delay or forgo healthcare due to financial constraints. The study aims to investigate the economic factors impacting health outcomes in Salaama Parish. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional design with both quantitative and qualitative components. The sample size for this study was calculated using Slovin's formula, resulting in a sample size of 100 participants. Data verification was also conducted to re-check data against sources, validate data entry, and ensure data consistency. Double data entry and automated checks for errors and inconsistencies were used to ensure data entry quality. Results: Financial constraints significantly limited healthcare access among respondents. Fifty-two per cent reported that financial difficulties always or often affected their ability to seek care, while 74% had delayed or avoided healthcare because of costs. Additionally, 76% could not afford medications and routine checkups. Health insurance coverage was low, with only 10% insured, mainly through private insurance. Among uninsured respondents, lack of awareness (27%) and limited availability (14%) were major barriers. Although 48% rated their healthcare access as good or very good, 46% reported insufficient income despite employment, while 35% identified unemployment as a barrier. Furthermore, 78% believed their living conditions affected their health. 57% of respondents were female, while 43% were male. Conclusion: Economic factors significantly hinder healthcare access in Salaama Parish, particularly through financial constraints, inadequate income, unemployment, and limited insurance coverage. Strengthening affordable healthcare programs and financial protection for vulnerable groups is essential to improve healthcare access and health outcomes. Recommendations: Economic barriers to healthcare access can be significantly reduced by implementing affordable, government-subsidised healthcare programs targeting vulnerable groups like children, pregnant women, and the elderly.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mark Kaukira, Rogers Talemwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Factors associated with diarrhoeal diseases among children under 5 years in Buhoma Town Council, Kanungu District, Uganda.
Introduction This study assesses the association between caretaker and household environmental characteristics and the prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases among U5s in Buhoma Town Council, Kanungu District, Uganda. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out between October and November 2025. It involved 322 adult caretakers aged 18 years and above, selected by simple random sampling. The data were analysed using the Stata Version 18 SE package. Generalised linear modelling was used to assess the strength of association between variables, and statistical significance was assessed at the 95% confidence level and p-value < 0.05. Results Most caretakers (44.1%) were aged 20–28 years, and over 50% of children were aged 24–59 months. Diarrhoea prevalence was 24.2% (95% CI: 0.19–0.29) in the previous two weeks. Higher prevalence was associated with having 2 (aPR=1.65, p=0.03) or 3 (aPR=3.40, p=0.03) under-five children, caretakers aged 29–35 years (aPR=2.43, p=0.04), caretaker history of diarrhoea (aPR=2.02, p=0.01), and movable handwashing facilities (aPR=1.76, p=0.02). Lower prevalence was associated with fourth income quartile (aPR=0.36, p=0.01), ever breastfeeding (aPR=0.39, p=0.02), age 12–23 months (aPR=0.51, p=0.04), uncovered water containers (aPR=0.36, p=0.001), and having a latrine/toilet in the dwelling (aPR=0.27, p<0.001). Conclusion Approximately 20% of under-five children had diarrhoea in the previous two weeks. Having multiple under-five children, older caretakers, a caretaker history of diarrhoea, and movable handwashing facilities were associated with higher diarrhoea prevalence. Higher household income, breastfeeding, age 12–23 months, uncovered water containers, and having a toilet within the dwelling were associated with lower diarrhoea prevalence. Recommendations There is a need to strengthen targeted interventions for the prevention and control of childhood diarrhoea, particularly through improved hygiene and sanitation practices, appropriate breastfeeding, safe water handling, and health education for caretakers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luke Twinamasiko, Associate Professor Gershom Atukunda, Waswa Laban Bright https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of Oral Microbiota as Predictive Biomarkers for Radiation-Induced Toxicities.
Background: Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers commonly causes oral toxicities that can affect treatment tolerance and quality of life. Alterations in oral microbiota may help identify patients at increased risk of these complications. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted at Burdwan Medical College and Hospital between June 2024 and July 2025. Medical records of 79 patients with histologically confirmed head and neck cancer who completed definitive radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, treatment details, oral microbiological findings, and radiation-induced toxicities graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 were retrieved. Associations between microbial profiles and treatment-related toxicities were analyzed using chi-square test, Student's t-test, and multivariate logistic regression. Statistical significance was considered at p <0.05. Results: Among 79 patients, 53.2% developed Grade II–III oral mucositis, while xerostomia and oral candidiasis occurred in 44.3% and 27.8% of patients, respectively. Patients demonstrating higher baseline colonization with Candida species and pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria experienced significantly greater rates of severe mucositis and xerostomia (p<0.05). Reduced abundance of commensal Streptococcus species was independently associated with increased radiation-induced toxicity. Multivariate analysis identified baseline dysbiosis as an independent predictor of Grade II–III mucositis (adjusted OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.48–7.92, p=0.003). Conclusion: Baseline oral microbial dysbiosis was associated with radiation-induced oral toxicities and may help identify patients at increased risk of severe treatment-related complications. Recommendation: Prospective multicenter studies incorporating microbiome sequencing and longitudinal microbial profiling are recommended to validate these findings and support the development of microbiota-based preventive strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.Prince Prakash, Dr .Surjya Shankar Meher, Dr.Rajlaxmi Paikray, Dr. Ayesha Sitam, Dr.Suparna Ghosh Ray https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Quantities of total serum IgG antibodies against Circumsporozoite Protein among Postpartum Mothers attending Kawempe National Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to determine the quantities of total serum IgG antibodies against CSP among Postpartum Mothers attending Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional nested study was conducted using 194 archived serum samples randomly selected from 400 postpartum women who participated in a parent study at Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Samples stored at −80°C were analyzed at Makerere University College of Health Sciences Medical Biochemistry Laboratory. Anti-CSP IgG levels were quantified using ELISA, while IgG affinity was assessed using an ammonium thiocyanate avidity assay. Data were analyzed in Stata 14.2 using descriptive and inferential statistics, with statistical significance set at p≤0.05. Results: Among 194 postpartum mothers, 100.00% attended ANC; married/cohabiting mothers comprised 90.72%, while 9.28% were single/separated. With 51.03% having <4 visits and 48.97% having ≥4 visits. Fansidar was received by 64.25%, while 35.75% did not receive it. HIV status was negative in 97.94%, positive in 0.52%, and unknown in 1.55%. Mosquito-net ownership was reported by 96.37%, while 3.63% did not own a net. Overall median serum IgG antibody titre was 0.09875 OD (IQR: 0.044–0.370). Median titres were 0.0840 OD (IQR: 0.0415–0.3875) among mothers with <4 ANC visits and 0.1050 OD (IQR: 0.04735–0.3545) among those with ≥4 visits (p = 0.9297). Fansidar recipients had a median titre of 0.1160 OD (IQR: 0.049175–0.3725) versus 0.0670 OD (IQR: 0.0345–0.370) among non-recipients (p = 0.2191). Net owners had 0.09875 OD (IQR: 0.04465–0.370) versus 0.1325 OD (IQR: 0.026–0.765) among non-owners (p = 0.7643). Conclusion: IgG antibody levels were modest, reflecting low recent malaria exposure likely due to effective malaria control interventions. Recommendation: The Ministry of Health should strengthen malaria surveillance and research to monitor serum IgG levels against CSP among postpartum mothers.
Section of Pathology, and Histopathology
Copyright (c) 2026 Olinga Micheal Albert, Dr. Allan Lugaajju, Dr. Ivan Kimuli, Dr. Fatuma Namusoke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Burden, Patterns, and Economic Impact of Multimorbidity among Older Adults in India: Evidence from a Community-Based Mixed-Methods Study
Background: Multimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions, is increasingly prevalent among the elderly in India. It significantly impacts healthcare utilization and financial burden, yet remains underexplored in integrated frameworks combining epidemiology, health economics, and patient perspectives. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity, assess out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), evaluate healthcare utilization, and explore patient experiences among elderly individuals in rural and urban settings. Methods: A community-based mixed-methods study was conducted among 600 elderly participants (≥60 years) selected through multistage stratified sampling in Rural and Urban field practice area of Mahabodhi medical college Gaya ji. Quantitative data included socio-demographic characteristics, morbidity profile, healthcare utilization, and expenditure. Multimorbidity patterns were analyzed using cluster analysis. Logistic regression identified predictors. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as OOPE ≥10% of household income. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity was 48.5% (95% CI: 44.5–52.5), higher in urban (54.2%) than rural areas (42.8%). The most common conditions were hypertension (58%), diabetes (42%), and osteoarthritis (37%). Three dominant clusters emerged: cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal, and respiratory. Multimorbidity was significantly associated with age ≥70 years (AOR 2.1), female gender (AOR 1.6), and low physical activity (AOR 1.9). Mean annual OOPE was ₹18,600, with 32% experiencing catastrophic expenditure. Private sector utilization was higher (61%), especially in urban areas. Qualitative findings highlighted financial distress, fragmented care, and lack of geriatric-friendly services. Conclusion: Multimorbidity poses a substantial clinical and economic burden among the elderly, with inequities across rural–urban settings. Strengthening primary care and financial risk protection is essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ujjwal Sourav, Dr. Suman Kumar Bharti, Dr. Nidhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nutritional, medicinal, and ethnopharmacological properties of apricot vine, Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.) Stapf: A narrative review.
Wild edible plants such as Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.) Stapf provide dietary diversity, thereby enhancing overall health and nutrition of local communities. The present study was aimed at reviewing the nutritional, medicinal, and ethnopharmacological properties of L. buchananii. This study is based on literature obtained from scientific databases such as SpringerLink, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SciELO, as well as literature obtained from pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, and other scientific publications obtained from the university library. This research showed that the fruit pulp of L. buchananii is a good source of energy, classic nutrients, minerals and nutritionally important amino acids. The species is also characterized by alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phenolics and terpenoids. The bark, roots and leaves of L. buchananii are used as molluscicides and traditional medicine against bilharzia, malaria, stomach problems, andrological disorders, backache, gastro-intestinal diseases, gonorrhoea, gynaecological disorders, hernia, joint pain, urinogenital disorders and wounds. The fruit and stem bark extracts of L. buchananii demonstrated antinociceptive, antioxidant, antipyretic, and cytotoxicity activities. Landolphia buchananii has the potential to enhance nutrition and primary healthcare of local communities in tropical Africa. Future research on L. buchananii should focus on detailed nutritional, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological evaluations of the species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Maroyi, PhD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Independent Community Pharmacy Stakeholder-Informed Dispensing Fee Reform: A Cross-Sectional Survey.
Background: The South African four-tier dispensing fee was formally implemented in 2010. The fee structure was determined using a zero-based model and a return-on-investment dispensary cost, with the assumption that a well-run pharmacy dispenses 2300 items per month. The fee structure has significant implications for the viability of independent community pharmacies. Objectives: To quantitatively examine the current dispensing fee structures' influence on service delivery at independent community pharmacies in the KwaZulu-Natal province and to propose independent community pharmacy stakeholder-informed priorities for fee revision. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted between 5 December 2025 and 28 February 2026 among pharmacy owners, responsible pharmacists, and pharmacists working at independently owned pharmacies in the KwaZulu-Natal province. Chi-square tests were used to assess associations, and a binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors. All data analysis was done at a level of significance. Results: Male respondents represented 58.2% of the sample, with female respondents representing 41.8%. The majority of the respondents were from peri-urban locations (48.6%). Sixty-one of the 146 respondents (41.8%) reported service changes in response to the fee structure. Pharmacies dispensing less than 2300 items per month were more likely to offer additional services than those dispensing at/above 2300. Years of community pharmacy experience were a significant predictor of service adaptation (AOR 6.13; 95% CI 1.013-1.114, p=0.13). Conclusion: Survey findings suggest the current dispensing fee structure may be context-blind, with respondents dispensing below the 2300 items per month threshold being pushed to adopt innovative strategies to ensure practice viability. Respondents with more years of experience were more likely to provide additional services at their pharmacies. Recommendations: The fee structure needs to incorporate actual pharmacy operational costs and location. Future research should consider adopting qualitative methods to explore viable options to align the dispensing fee structure with actual pharmacy operations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ziyanda Lynn Ndlangisa, Vivian Naidoo, Ruwayda Petrus, Sarentha Chetty, Varsha Bangalee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Somatostatin Receptor Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors by 99mTc-Hynic-Toc Scan and Its Correlation to Tumor Grading and Analysis of Their Significance in The Overall Treatment Response to PRRT
Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by variable biological behaviour and overexpression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), particularly subtype 2. Assessment of SSTR expression is essential for disease characterization, staging, and identifying patients suitable for receptor-targeted management. Among the available imaging modalities, 99mTc-HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy offers a cost-effective and widely accessible method for evaluating receptor expression. Objective: To evaluate somatostatin receptor expression using qualitative and quantitative 99mTc-HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy in patients with histologically confirmed neuroendocrine tumors and to correlate imaging findings with histopathological tumor grading and proliferation index. Methods: This prospective observational study included 50 patients with histopathologically confirmed metastatic, recurrent, or inoperable neuroendocrine tumors referred for somatostatin receptor imaging. All patients underwent whole-body 99mTc-HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy. Qualitative assessment of receptor expression was complemented by quantitative analysis using the HYNIC-TOC Lesion Index, calculated from tumor and mediastinal blood pool regions of interest after background correction. Imaging findings were correlated with tumor grade and Ki-67 proliferation index.
Copyright (c) 2026 Harilal. P, Arun B. R, Vivek Matthew James https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Mengo Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a significant public health problem associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Mengo Hospital in Kampala District. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Mengo Hospital. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and laboratory testing using the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) based on WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and presented using tables, charts, bar graphs, and descriptive statistics. Result The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among the study participants was 12%. A higher proportion of GDM cases occurred among women aged 35 years and above (45%). Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) accounted for 15.6% of all GDM cases. Other important factors included family history of diabetes (58.3%), multiparity (50%), previous macrosomia (41.7%), previous history of GDM (33.3%), and hypertension (41.7%). Most GDM cases were observed among married women and those with tertiary education. Conclusion The prevalence of GDM at Mengo Hospital is notably high. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors significantly contribute to its occurrence, highlighting the need for routine screening and targeted interventions during antenatal care. Recommendations Routine universal screening for GDM should be strengthened during ANC visits, with emphasis on high-risk groups such as older mothers, obese women, and those with a positive family history of diabetes.
Section of Non-communicable Diseases Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Sanyu, Nathan Ssekanyike, Habert Mabonga, Simon Arthur Mugabi, Patrick Kakeeto, Benjamin Wathum Oromcan, Gloria Mbabazi, Burns Mugumya, Isaac Mugalu, Timothy Lubowa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Compliance of Printed versus Digital Drug Promotional Literature: A Cross-sectional Study.
Background Regulatory compliance with drug promotional literature guidelines is crucial for pharmaceutical marketing. This study graded and compared the compliance of offline and online literature as per the regulatory standards. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative analysis of the promotional literature for prescription drugs available as printed copies collected from a tertiary care hospital in South India was performed with that of online literature obtained from various websites. Promotional materials for devices, supplements, and traditional medicines were excluded. A total of 250 (130 offline and 120 online) pieces of literature were analyzed by using a harmonised 11-item checklist based on World Health Organization and the Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices 2024 guidelines to assess core drug information, safety data, and scientific substantiation as provided by the regulatory bodies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-square test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Of the 130 printed and 120 digital literatures, most were classified as Grade B, with printed ones demonstrating better overall compliance than digital material (Grade A: 9.2% vs. 0%; Grade C: 6.2% vs. 27.5%). Printed leaflets were significantly more likely to include dosage forms and precautions, whereas online material had more frequently mentioned therapeutic indications (p < 0.05). Safety information, including adverse drug reactions, contraindications, drug interactions, and scientific references, was inadequately reported in both groups. Conclusion These findings indicate that clinicians should exercise critical scrutiny rather than implicit trust while evaluating pharmaceutical promotional claims. To bridge this quality gap, there is a need for a dedicated oversight body to monitor regulatory compliance, alongside a greater commitment to veracity from pharmaceutical manufacturers. Recommendations Future research must focus closely on establishing post-UCPMP compliance behaviour, evaluating the direct influence of DPL quality on clinician prescribing behaviour, and integrating ethical promotion principles into graduate medical education.
Section of Pharmacology and Chemotherapeutics
Copyright (c) 2026 Radhika Sherkhane, Mahamad Ashief, Shashidhar Khemaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A study of the outcome of surgical management of spondylolisthesis treated with a pedicle screw-rod system & posterolateral fusion: A retrospective observational study.
Background Spondylolisthesis may cause chronic low back pain, radiculopathy, neurological deficits, and functional disability. Surgical treatment is indicated in patients with persistent symptoms despite conservative management or progressive neurological impairment. Pedicular screw-rod fixation with posterolateral fusion provides spinal stabilization and promotes fusion. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical, functional, radiological, and neurological outcomes of patients with spondylolisthesis treated with pedicular screw-rod fixation and posterolateral fusion. Materials and methods A retrospective observational study was conducted at Katihar Medical College, Bihar, India. Medical records of 30 patients who underwent surgical management for spondylolisthesis between November 2023 and November 2025 were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, radiological, operative, and postoperative data were collected. Functional outcomes were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and modified MacNab criteria. Radiological fusion and postoperative complications were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Results The mean age was 46.8 ± 11.2 years, with females comprising 60.0% of patients. Degenerative spondylolisthesis was predominant (63.3%), and L4–L5 was the most commonly affected level (56.7%). Mean VAS scores improved from 7.8 ± 1.1 preoperatively to 2.1 ± 0.9 at final follow-up (p<0.001), while ODI scores improved from 58.6 ± 10.5 to 18.4 ± 7.3 (p<0.001). Radiological fusion was achieved in 93.3% of patients, and 86.7% achieved excellent or good outcomes according to modified MacNab criteria. No implant failure or revision surgery occurred. Conclusion Pedicular screw-rod fixation with posterolateral fusion resulted in significant pain relief, functional improvement, and high fusion rates with few postoperative complications. Recommendation This procedure may be considered an effective surgical option for appropriately selected patients with symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis. Larger multicenter studies with longer follow-up are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh Kumar, Ajay Kumar Mahto, Md Zeeshan Jawed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of incidence of postoperative wound infection in orthopaedic surgery: A retrospective observational study.
Background Postoperative wound infection, or surgical site infection (SSI), is an important complication following orthopaedic surgery and may result in delayed wound healing, prolonged hospitalization, and additional treatment. This study evaluated the incidence of postoperative wound infection and associated demographic, clinical, and surgical factors. Objective To determine the incidence of postoperative wound infection among patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery and evaluate associated risk factors. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Katihar Medical College, Katihar, Bihar, India. Hospital records of patients who underwent orthopaedic surgery between February 2024 and February 2025 were reviewed. A total of 100 eligible patients with complete perioperative records were included. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, surgical characteristics, wound classification, implant use, microbiological findings, treatment, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results Postoperative wound infection occurred in 12 of 100 patients, giving an overall incidence of 12.0%. Infection was more frequent among patients with diabetes mellitus, prolonged operative duration, open fractures, implant-related procedures, and contaminated wounds. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated microorganism. Most infections were successfully managed with culture-directed antibiotic therapy, while a smaller proportion required surgical wound debridement. Conclusion Postoperative wound infection remains an important complication following orthopaedic surgery, with an incidence of 12.0% in this study. Early identification of high-risk patients and appropriate perioperative infection-prevention measures are important for reducing SSI. Recommendation Strict adherence to aseptic surgical techniques, appropriate perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, and meticulous postoperative wound care are recommended to reduce postoperative wound infection and improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh Kumar, Ajay Kumar Mahto, Akif Jilani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study in the Use of Cheiloscopy for Sex Determination in the Population of Eastern Odisha: An Observational Study
Human identification is a fundamental aspect of forensic science, particularly in situations involving mass disasters, criminal investigations, and unidentified human remains. While fingerprints and DNA profiling remain the gold standards for personal identification, lip-print analysis (cheiloscopy) has gained increasing attention as a supplementary forensic tool because the grooves and wrinkles on the vermilion border of the lips are considered unique and relatively stable throughout life. Several studies have suggested that lip-print patterns may exhibit sexual dimorphism, making cheiloscopy a potentially valuable method for sex determination. However, regional variations in lip-print characteristics necessitate population-specific investigations. Objectives The study was undertaken to determine the distribution of lip-print patterns among individuals from the Eastern Odisha population, compare the distribution of these patterns between males and females, and evaluate the usefulness of cheiloscopy as an adjunctive method for forensic sex determination. Methods An observational study was conducted over a period of three years among 150 adult participants from SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha. Lip impressions
Copyright (c) 2026 Manoj Kumar Dehury, Subal Kumar Naik, MFM Praveena, Rajashree Biswal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physical health changes associated with COVID-19-related school closure among schoolchildren: A descriptive cross-sectional study
Background COVID-19-related school closures disrupted structured physical activity, dietary routines, outdoor play, and school-based health surveillance while substantially increasing dependence on digital learning. Indian school data evaluating concurrent changes in screen exposure, body mass index (BMI), dietary behaviour, physical activity, and clinical nutritional findings remain limited. Objectives: To assess physical-health changes associated with COVID-19-related school closure among children aged 6-12 years, focusing on BMI, screen time, physical activity, dietary habits, clinical pallor suggestive of anaemia, and visible signs suggestive of vitamin deficiency. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study, with retrospective comparison of pre-lockdown school health records, was conducted from June 2022 to April 2023 in three schools in Hyderabad, India. Children with accessible pre-lockdown anthropometric records were enrolled by convenience sampling after written parental consent. Current anthropometry and clinical findings were recorded, and parents reported changes in diet, activity, and screen exposure. Results A total of 640 children were analysed; the mean age was 9.02 ± 1.69 years, and 373 (58.3%) were boys. Meal frequency increased in 389 (60.8%), and all parents perceived reduced physical activity. Mean total screen time increased from 1.89 ± 0.98 to 10.60 ± 2.40 hours/day (reported p<0.0001). Mean BMI increased from 15.45 ± 1.41 to 18.02 ± 2.44 kg/m² (reported p<0.0001). Overweight or obesity increased from 56 (8.75%) before lockdown to 117 (18.28%) at assessment. Clinical pallor was present in 198 (30.9%); no visible signs suggestive of vitamin deficiency were documented. Conclusion The school-closure period was associated with pronounced increases in sedentary behaviour, screen time, meal frequency, and excess-weight prevalence. Recommendations School-health recovery programmes should restore structured physical activity, provide age-appropriate screen-use counselling, strengthen nutritional assessment, and arrange haemoglobin testing for children with pallor.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr N. Santosh Kumar, Dr Machiraju Vasudeva Murali, Dr. Baswaraj T https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spectrum of Gallstone Disease and Early Outcomes Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Hospital-Based Prospective Observational Study.
Background Gallstone disease remains one of the most frequent benign biliary disorders requiring surgical treatment. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred operative approach, but clinical presentation, intraoperative difficulty, and early recovery vary across patients. Objectives To describe the clinical spectrum of gallstone disease and assess early postoperative outcomes among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Methods This single-centre, hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted at NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Sanghivalasa, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2025 to December 2025. A total of 100 adults with gallstone disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled consecutively and followed for early postoperative outcomes through 30 days. Demographic, clinical, ultrasonographic, intraoperative, postoperative, readmission, and mortality data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results The mean age was 44.8 ± 12.6 years, and females constituted 64.0% of patients. Overweight or obesity was present in 70.0%. Right upper quadrant pain was the commonest symptom (92.0%). Chronic calculous cholecystitis was the leading diagnosis (64.0%), followed by acute calculous cholecystitis (18.0%). Multiple stones were seen in 66.0%, and gallbladder wall thickening in 30.0%. Mean operative duration was 51.6 ± 14.8 minutes. Dense adhesions were observed in 28.0%, difficult Calot’s triangle in 14.0%, and conversion to open surgery in 2.0%. Most patients resumed oral liquids within 6 hours (76.0%) and were discharged within 2 days (72.0%). Port-site infection occurred in 5.0%, bile leak in 1.0%, and no mortality was recorded. Conclusion Gallstone disease predominantly affected middle-aged women and commonly presented as chronic calculous cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed favourable early outcomes with low conversion, limited morbidity, short hospital stay, and no mortality. Recommendations Routine preoperative ultrasonographic risk assessment, careful Calot’s triangle dissection, and structured postoperative follow-up are recommended to strengthen surgical safety and early recovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Srinivasa Rao Gurugubelli, Dr.Venkata Narayana Badipatla, Dr.Manoj Kumar Sistu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene polymorphism (FOKI) (rs2228570) with risk of metabolic syndrome and its association with vitamin D status: a hospital-based case-control study in North Indian male subjects.
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition associated with genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Vitamin D and its receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR), may contribute to MetS pathogenesis. Limited and conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between VDR gene polymorphisms, MetS, and vitamin D status in the Indian population. This study evaluated the association of VDR FokI (rs2228570) polymorphism with MetS risk and vitamin D status among North Indian male subjects. Methods This hospital-based case-control study included 104 male subjects, comprising 36 participants with MetS and 68 age- and sex-matched controls. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation 2005 criteria. VDR FokI (rs2228570) polymorphism was assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR), and serum vitamin D levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Statistical analyses included chi-square test, Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, analysis of variance, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. Results Serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in participants with MetS than in controls (17.47 ± 9.12 vs. 27.06 ± 14.45 ng/mL; P = 0.0005). VDR FokI genotype and allele distributions differed significantly between MetS cases and controls. The Ff and ff genotypes were associated with increased MetS risk compared with the FF genotype. No significant association was observed between VDR FokI polymorphism and vitamin D levels, vitamin D status, or individual MetS components. Conclusion VDR FokI (rs2228570) polymorphism was associated with MetS risk but not with vitamin D status or levels in North Indian male subjects. Recommendation Larger, multicentre studies involving diverse populations are recommended to confirm these findings and clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rabari Kamlesh Karshan, Raja Bhakat, Shrejana Shreshtha, Lal Chandra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM): surgical timing and prognosis. A retrospective observational study.
Background Congenital pulmonary airway malformation is a rare congenital lung anomaly for which the optimal timing of surgical resection remains controversial. This study evaluated the association between surgical timing and postoperative outcomes. Objective To assess the influence of early versus delayed surgical resection on postoperative outcomes and prognosis in children with congenital pulmonary airway malformation Methods This retrospective observational study included 24 children who underwent surgical resection at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, from January 2023 to December 2024. Patients were categorized into early surgery (≤6 months; n=11) and delayed surgery (>6 months; n=13). Demographic, clinical, radiological, operative, postoperative, histopathological, and follow-up data were analyzed. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using appropriate statistical tests, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results The median age at surgery was 8 months (IQR: 4–18), and 14 (58.3%) patients were male. Antenatal diagnosis was established in 15 (62.5%) patients. Thoracoscopic lobectomy was completed in 16 (66.7%). Early surgery was associated with shorter hospital stay (5.1±1.0 vs. 7.2±1.4 days; p=0.003) and shorter chest tube duration (2.7±0.8 vs. 3.8±1.1 days; p=0.014). Postoperative complications occurred in 1 (9.1%) early-surgery patient and 4 (30.8%) delayed-surgery patients. Delayed surgery was significantly associated with postoperative complications (OR 5.21, 95% CI: 1.10–24.62; p=0.038). No mortality or recurrence was observed. Conclusion Early surgical resection was associated with more favorable postoperative recovery and excellent short-term prognosis. Recommendations Early referral and elective surgical management during infancy should be considered when clinically appropriate. Larger multicentre prospective studies with longer follow-up are recommended to establish the optimal timing of surgery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramjee Prasad, Om Prakash Purbey, Md Mokarram Ali, Suni Kishore, Rohit Lal, Shubham Keshri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0