Student's Journal of Health Research Africa
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description: Student's Journal of Health Research Africa (SJHR-Africa) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal committed to advancing high-quality research that improves health outcomes in Africa and beyond. The journal provides an inclusive platform for the dissemination of original research, systematic reviews, case reports, short communications, and evidence-based scholarly work across the health sciences and related disciplines. SJHR-Africa is indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and has been selected for inclusion in the Elsevier EMBASE database, reflecting its commitment to international publishing standards, rigorous peer review, and scientific quality. The journal is published in both online (ISSN: 2709-9997) and print (ISSN: 3006-1059) editions, ensuring broad accessibility and global visibility of published research. While the journal places particular emphasis on supporting student researchers, early-career scientists, and emerging scholars, it welcomes high-quality submissions from researchers, academics, clinicians, and professionals worldwide. SJHR-Africa is dedicated to promoting equitable access to scientific knowledge by making all published articles freely available to readers without subscription barriers, thereby fostering innovation, collaboration, and evidence-informed decision-making in healthcare.
publisher: SJC Publishers Company Limited
language: en
publication name: Student's Journal of Health Research Africa
issn: 3006-1059
items: Clinicopathological profile and anaesthetic considerations in patients undergoing surgical management of orthopaedic bone tumours: a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study.
items: Evaluation of pathological fractures in orthopaedic practice with emphasis on histopathology and anaesthetic challenges: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
items: Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Patients with Rotator Cuff Tear Managed Conservatively: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.
items: Management of Forgotten, Encrusted, and Fragmented Double-J Ureteral Stents: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Center.
items: Emphysematous pyelonephritis: outcomes with conservative management in a tertiary care center: A cross-sectional observational study.
items: Filariasis on cytology of clinically unsuspected sites trapped accidentally on aspiration – A challenge ahead.
items: Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems for Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study.
items: Use of High-Resolution Laryngeal Ultrasound in Assessing Vocal Cord Mobility Before and After Thyroid Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.
items: Prevalence and Pattern of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Observational Study.
items: Assessment of rotational stability with intramedullary interlocking nailing for displaced diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults: A prospective observational study.
items: Clinical and Medicolegal Profile of Burn Injury Cases Reported to a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Hospital-Based Observational Cross-Sectional Study.
items: Sociodemographic and Clinical Profile of Poisoning Cases Presenting to the Emergency Department: A Hospital-Based Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
items: Association of glycaemic control with peripheral neuropathy severity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional observational study.
items: Association Between Plasma Thyroid Hormone Concentration and Hepatic Triglyceride Content in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.
items: An Unusual Case of Partially Thrombosed Right Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Case Report.
items: Ethnoveterinary medicines used for mitigating goat diseases in Zimbabwe: A narrative review.
items: Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pulmonary Complications in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients: A Hospital-Based Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.
items: https://www.sjhrafrica.org.sjhresearchafrica.org/index.php/public-html/en/article/view/2763
items: An Andragogical Evaluation of Immersive Virtual Reality for Nursing and Midwifery Education: A Descriptive Pilot Mixed-Methods Study in Uganda.
items: Clinical, radiological, and microbiological profile of non-resolving pneumonia in adults: a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study.
items: Etiological analysis of pale optic disc and its association with six-month visual outcome in patients attending a tertiary care hospital: a prospective observational cohort study.
items: Medicinal uses and ethnopharmacological properties of Combretum woodii Dümmer: A narrative review
items: Role of sonoelastography and triphasic CT scan in focal liver lesions: A cross-sectional study.
items: Pattern of Osteosarcoma Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Bihar: A Retrospective Observational Study.
items: Comparative Study of Functional Outcomes in Limb Salvage versus Amputation in Osteosarcoma Patients.
items: https://www.sjhrafrica.org.sjhresearchafrica.org/index.php/public-html/en/article/view/2737
items: Chromatographic Parameter Optimization in LC-MS/MS for the Identification of Indole Isomers (AMT and 5-IT) and Comparative Analysis with Benzodiazepine Compounds.
items: Angiographic profile and clinical outcome in repeat revascularization in patients with multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention: A prospective cross-sectional study.
items: Histopathological spectrum of thyroid lesions in thyroidectomy specimens: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study.
items: Clinicopathological profile of pancytopenia in adult patients attending a tertiary care hospital: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Clinicopathological profile and anaesthetic considerations in patients undergoing surgical management of orthopaedic bone tumours: a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study.
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description: Background Orthopaedic bone tumours comprise benign, primary malignant, and metastatic lesions whose surgical management requires integration of clinicopathological diagnosis with anaesthetic planning. Objectives To describe the clinicopathological profile, surgical procedures, anaesthetic techniques, intraoperative concerns, and early postoperative outcomes among patients undergoing surgery for orthopaedic bone tumours. Methods This hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Medical College and Government General Hospital, Rajanna Sircilla, Telangana, India, from December 2025 to April 2026. One hundred consecutive eligible patients undergoing surgery for suspected or histopathologically confirmed bone tumours were included. Demographic, clinicopathological, operative, anaesthetic, blood-loss, transfusion, haemodynamic, and postoperative variables were analysed descriptively. Results The mean age was 34.8 ± 18.6 years; 58 (58.0%) patients were male. Pain was reported by 86 (86.0%), swelling by 62 (62.0%), and restricted movement by 38 (38.0%). The femur was involved in 34 (34.0%) cases. Benign tumours accounted for 46 (46.0%), primary malignant tumours for 34 (34.0%), and metastatic lesions for 20 (20.0%). General anaesthesia was used in 56 (56.0%), regional anaesthesia in 20 (20.0%), and combined techniques in 24 (24.0%). Blood loss exceeded 500 mL in 32 (32.0%), 30 (30.0%) required transfusion, and 18 (18.0%) developed intraoperative hypotension. Rescue analgesia was required in 28 (28.0%), postoperative nausea and vomiting occurred in 12 (12.0%), wound complications in 8 (8.0%), intensive care admission in 2 (2.0%), and re-exploration in 1 (1.0%). No perioperative deaths occurred. Conclusion Bone tumour surgery demonstrated substantial clinicopathological and procedural heterogeneity. Anticipated bleeding, transfusion preparedness, haemodynamic monitoring, multimodal analgesia, and selective critical-care surveillance were the p…
subject: Section of Anesthesia and Surgery Research
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creator: Dr. Radhika Chendragiri
creator: Dr.Annam Sadhana
creator: Dr. Kandukuri Arun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Radhika Chendragiri, Dr.Annam Sadhana, Dr. Kandukuri Arun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2814

Evaluation of pathological fractures in orthopaedic practice with emphasis on histopathology and anaesthetic challenges: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
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description: Background Pathological fractures occur through structurally weakened bone and require coordinated orthopaedic stabilization, histopathological diagnosis, and careful anaesthetic management. Objectives To evaluate the clinical profile, histopathological spectrum, orthopaedic management, anaesthetic challenges, and perioperative complications among patients presenting with pathological fractures Methods A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study included 100 consecutive patients with pathological or impending pathological fractures treated at Government Medical College and Government General Hospital, Rajanna Sircilla, Telangana, India, from November 2025 to April 2026. Clinical characteristics, fracture site, histopathological diagnosis, orthopaedic treatment, anaesthetic technique, anaesthetic challenges, and perioperative complications were collected using a structured proforma and summarized using descriptive statistics. Results The mean age was 44.8 ± 17.6 years, and 58.0% of patients were male. Fractures followed trivial trauma in 63.0% of cases, while 21.0% occurred spontaneously and 16.0% were impending fractures. The femur was the most commonly affected bone (48.0%). Malignant lesions accounted for 65.0% of cases, with metastatic carcinoma comprising 38.0% of all diagnoses. Internal fixation was the most common surgical procedure (43.0%). General anaesthesia was used in 52.0% of patients, followed by regional anaesthesia (36.0%). Anaesthetic challenges occurred in 62.0% of patients, mainly preoperative anaemia (34.0%), cardiopulmonary comorbidities (28.0%), anticipated major blood loss (25.0%), and positioning difficulties (22.0%). Perioperative complications were reported in 29.0%, most commonly blood transfusion (18.0%), severe postoperative pain (14.0%), and intraoperative hypotension (12.0%). No intraoperative deaths occurred. Conclusion Malignant bone disease, particularly metastatic carcinoma, was the leading cause of pathological fractures. Hi…
subject: Section of Pathology, and Histopathology
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creator: Dr. Kandukuri Arun
creator: Dr.Annam Sadhana
creator: Dr. Radhika Chendragiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kandukuri Arun, Dr. Annam Sadhana, Dr. Radhika Chendragiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2812

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Patients with Rotator Cuff Tear Managed Conservatively: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.
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description: Background: Rotator cuff tear is a frequent cause of shoulder pain, restricted overhead activity, and functional impairment among middle-aged and older adults. Conservative management remains an important initial treatment option, particularly for partial-thickness and small-to-medium tears. Objectives: To evaluate clinical and functional outcomes of patients with rotator cuff tears managed conservatively and to assess improvement in pain, shoulder range of motion, and functional scores during follow-up. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study included 80 patients with clinically and radiologically diagnosed rotator cuff tears treated conservatively at Government Medical College, Jangaon, Telangana, India, from August 2025 to January 2026. Conservative care included analgesics, activity modification, home-based exercises, supervised physiotherapy, local physical modalities, and corticosteroid injection in selected patients. Pain and function were assessed using the visual analogue scale, Constant-Murley score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and shoulder range of motion at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: The mean age was 52.8 ± 9.6 years, and males constituted 56.3%. Partial-thickness tear was present in 72.5%, and the supraspinatus was the most commonly involved tendon. The mean VAS pain score decreased from 7.1 ± 1.2 at baseline to 3.2 ± 1.4 at 6 months. The Constant-Murley score improved from 48.6 ± 10.8 to 72.4 ± 12.5, and the ASES score improved from 45.8 ± 11.6 to 76.2 ± 13.4. An excellent or good outcome was observed in 72.5% of patients. Conclusion: Conservative management produced significant pain reduction and functional improvement in most patients with rotator cuff tears. Recommendations: Structured rehabilitation with regular follow-up should be considered as an initial management strategy in suitable patients.
subject: Section of Orthopedics
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creator: Dr. Yugandhar Polepaka
creator: Dr Balaji Jarpala
creator: Dr Ramesh Ramineni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Yugandhar Polepaka, Dr. Balaji Jarpala, Dr. Ramesh Ramineni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2811

Management of Forgotten, Encrusted, and Fragmented Double-J Ureteral Stents: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Center.
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description: Background: Forgotten, encrusted, and fragmented double-J ureteral stents represent a preventable yet clinically demanding urological problem. Delayed retrieval increases the risk of stone formation, infection, fragmentation, and the need for combined endourological procedures. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical presentation, pattern of stent encrustation or fragmentation, management strategies, and short-term outcomes among patients treated for forgotten double-J ureteral stents at a tertiary care center. Methods: This prospective observational study included 22 consecutive patients managed at A C Subba Reddy Government Medical College & Hospital, Dargamitta, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, from April 01, 2026, to April 30, 2026. Demographic details, symptoms, stent duration, imaging findings, operative procedures, complications, and clearance outcomes were analysed descriptively. Results: The mean age was 43.6 ± 12.8 years, and females constituted 54.5% of the cohort. The mean retained stent duration was 19.4 ± 9.7 months. Flank pain was the most frequent symptom. Encrusted-only stents were seen in 59.1%, while 27.3% had both encrustation and fragmentation. Ureteroscopy, cystolithotripsy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy were used according to encrustation burden. Complete stent clearance was achieved in all patients, with stone-free status in 90.9%. Conclusion: Multimodal endourological management provided high clearance with acceptable morbidity in patients with forgotten, encrusted, and fragmented double-J stents. Recommendations: Structured stent registries, patient counselling, and reminder systems should be implemented to prevent prolonged indwelling time and reduce avoidable complications.
subject: Section of Serology and Immunochemistry
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creator: Dr. Chenna Sai Krishna
creator: Dr Juturu Jayaraju
creator: Dr Gidion Bangla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Chenna Sai Krishna, Dr Juturu Jayaraju, Dr Gidion Bangla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2808

Emphysematous pyelonephritis: outcomes with conservative management in a tertiary care center: A cross-sectional observational study.
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description: Background: Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a severe necrotizing infection of the kidney characterized by gas formation within the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or perinephric tissues. Early recognition and renal-preserving treatment have changed the management approach from routine nephrectomy to conservative strategies in selected patients. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical profile, radiological severity, treatment pattern, and short-term outcomes of patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis managed initially with conservative therapy in a tertiary care center. Methods: This hospital-based observational study was conducted at A C Subba Reddy Government Medical College & Hospital, Dargamitta, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, from April 01, 2026, to April 30, 2026. Thirty-five patients diagnosed with emphysematous pyelonephritis and managed initially with antibiotics, supportive care, glycaemic control, and minimally invasive drainage where indicated were included. Clinical variables, CT classification, management modality, and outcomes were analysed descriptively. Results: The mean age was 55.1 ± 10.9 years, and females constituted 62.9% of patients. Diabetes mellitus was present in 85.7%, obstructive uropathy in 40.0%, and hypertension in 37.1%. Fever and flank pain were the commonest symptoms. Class 2 disease was the most frequent CT category. Conservative management was successful in 29 patients, giving a renal salvage rate of 82.9%. Delayed nephrectomy and mortality occurred in three patients each. Conclusion: Conservative management achieved favourable outcomes in most patients when combined with early antibiotics, metabolic correction, and timely drainage. Recommendations: Early CT-based risk stratification, prompt glycaemic control, urine culture-directed antibiotics, and low-threshold minimally invasive drainage are recommended to improve renal salvage.
subject: Section of Serology and Immunochemistry
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creator: Dr Juturu Jayaraju
creator: Dr. Chenna Sai Krishna
creator: Dr V. Mary Snygdha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Juturu Jayaraju, Dr. Chenna Sai Krishna, Dr V. Mary Snygdha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2807

Filariasis on cytology of clinically unsuspected sites trapped accidentally on aspiration – A challenge ahead.
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description: Background Incidental detection of microfilariae in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimens from clinically unsuspected sites is uncommon but clinically important, particularly in filariasis-endemic regions. This study evaluated the clinicopathological spectrum of incidental filariasis detected on FNAC and highlighted the diagnostic utility of cytology in identifying occult infections. Materials and Methods This retrospective observational study included 33 cases of incidental microfilarial detection on FNAC diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, India, between January 2012 and January 2022. Clinical details, anatomical sites, cytomorphological findings, peripheral blood smear results, and eosinophil counts were reviewed. Cases with peripheral blood microfilaremia were excluded. Results Thirty-three patients (20 males and 13 females; age range: 12–80 years) were studied. Microfilariae were detected in subcutaneous swellings (n=8), breast lesions (n=7), lymph nodes (n=7), liver lesions (n=4), mediastinal masses (n=2), and single cases involving the thyroid, lung, gallbladder, periampullary region, and parietal wall. None of the patients had clinical suspicion of filariasis before cytological examination. Eight cases were associated with malignant lesions, while the remainder occurred with benign or inflammatory conditions. Peripheral blood smears were negative in all cases, and eosinophilia was present in only seven patients. Conclusion FNAC is a rapid, minimally invasive, and cost-effective modality for detecting occult filariasis at clinically unsuspected sites. Microfilariae may coexist with a wide range of benign and malignant lesions even in the absence of peripheral microfilaremia or eosinophilia. Recommendation Routine and meticulous screening of all cytology smears for microfilariae is recommended in endemic regions irrespective of clinical suspicion, as early detection facilitates timely treatment and appropria…
subject: Section of Pathology, and Histopathology
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creator: Richa Bhartiya
creator: Pallavi Mehra
creator: Vishal Tayade
creator: Dipika Bongale
creator: Manasi Karwa
creator: Navin Kumar Bariar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Richa Bhartiya , Dr. Pallavi Mehra, Dr. Vishal Tayade, Dr. Dipika Bongale, Dr. Manasi Karwa , Dr. Navin Kumar Bariar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 15
ending page: 15
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2805

Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems for Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study.
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description: Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based expert systems are increasingly being explored as decision-support tools in clinical practice. Their application in Ear, Nose, and Throat diseases may improve early diagnosis and facilitate timely referral, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an Artificial Intelligence expert system in patients presenting with Ear, Nose, and Throat diseases by comparing AI-generated diagnoses with final diagnoses established by consultant ENT specialists. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat and Head-Neck Surgery of a tertiary care teaching hospital from March 2025 to February 2026. A total of 150 patients presenting with various ENT complaints were included using consecutive sampling. Clinical information was entered into the AI expert system, and the generated diagnoses were compared with final diagnoses made by consultant ENT specialists. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Results: The AI expert system demonstrated good agreement with specialist diagnoses and showed satisfactory diagnostic performance across common ENT conditions. The system achieved high sensitivity and specificity for frequently encountered disorders, supporting its utility as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Conclusion: Artificial Intelligence expert systems demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy for Ear, Nose, and Throat diseases and may serve as valuable decision-support tools alongside specialist clinical assessment. Recommendation: AI expert systems may be utilized for preliminary screening, triage, and referral support in ENT practice, especially in settings with limited specialist availability. Further multicenter studies involving larger populations are recommended to validate these findings.
subject: Section of ENT
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creator: Jitendra Pratap Singh Chauhan
creator: Kanchan Chaudhary
creator: Jyoti Kumar Verma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jitendra Pratap Singh Chauhan, Kanchan Chaudhary, Jyoti Kumar Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2798

Use of High-Resolution Laryngeal Ultrasound in Assessing Vocal Cord Mobility Before and After Thyroid Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.
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description: Background: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury remains one of the most significant complications of thyroid surgery, potentially resulting in vocal cord paralysis and voice changes. Flexible laryngoscopy is considered the gold standard for vocal cord assessment; however, it is invasive and may be uncomfortable for patients. High-resolution laryngeal ultrasound (HRLUS) has emerged as a non-invasive alternative for evaluating vocal cord mobility. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of high-resolution laryngeal ultrasound in assessing vocal cord mobility before and after thyroid surgery. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences (UPUMS), Saifai, from April 2025 to March 2026. Forty-five patients undergoing thyroid surgery were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using HRLUS. Findings were compared with flexible laryngoscopy. Diagnostic accuracy, vocal cord mobility, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: A total of 45 patients undergoing thyroid surgery were enrolled. The mean age was 41.8 ± 11.6 years, and females constituted 33 (73.3%) of the study population. HRLUS successfully visualized the vocal cords in 40 (88.9%) patients, while flexible laryngoscopy successfully assessed all patients. Postoperative vocal cord paresis was detected in four (8.9%) patients. Compared with flexible laryngoscopy, HRLUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.0%, specificity of 97.4%, positive predictive value of 81.8%, negative predictive value of 98.7%, and excellent agreement (κ = 0.91, p<0.001). Conclusion: High-resolution laryngeal ultrasound is a reliable, non-invasive, and accurate modality for assessing vocal cord mobility before and after thyroid surgery. It may serve as an effective screening tool, reducing the need for routine postoperative laryngoscopy. Recommendation: HRLUS may be considered a first-line screening tool for perioperative vocal cord assessment, with flexible laryngoscopy re…
subject: Section of ENT
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creator: Jitendra Pratap Singh Chauhan
creator: Jyoti Kumar Verma
creator: Kanchan Chaudhary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Jitendra Pratap Singh Chauhan, Dr. Jyoti Kumar Verma, Dr. Kanchan Chaudhary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2797

Prevalence and Pattern of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Observational Study.
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description: Background: Thyroid dysfunction is a common endocrine disorder frequently associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and may adversely affect glycemic control and diabetic complications. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of thyroid dysfunction among patients with T2DM and evaluate its association with demographic and clinical variables. Methods: This prospective observational study included 250 patients with T2DM attending the Department of General Medicine, Madhubani Medical College and Hospital, Bihar, from 1 April 2025 to 31 January 2026. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Thyroid profile, including serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), free T3, and free T4, was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and Student's t-test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 250 participants, 141 (56.4%) were males, and 109 (43.6%) were females, with a mean age of 54.8 ± 10.6 years. Thyroid dysfunction was identified in 72 patients (28.8%). Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common abnormality (16.0%), followed by overt hypothyroidism (8.0%), subclinical hyperthyroidism (3.2%), and overt hyperthyroidism (1.6%). Thyroid dysfunction was significantly more common among females than males (37.0% vs. 22.1%; p=0.011) and among patients with HbA1c ≥8% compared with those with HbA1c <8% (35.7% vs. 19.8%; p=0.008). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is highly prevalent among patients with T2DM, particularly among females and those with poor glycemic control. Recommendation: Routine thyroid screening should be considered in patients with T2DM for early diagnosis and timely management.
subject: Section of General Medicine Research
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creator: Mukesh Kumar
creator: Shivam Shekhar
creator: Ajay Kumar Lal Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mukesh Kumar, Dr. Shivam Shekhar, Dr. Ajay Kumar Lal Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2795

Assessment of rotational stability with intramedullary interlocking nailing for displaced diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults: A prospective observational study.
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description: Background Diaphyseal femoral fractures are high-energy injuries that require restoration of length, alignment, rotation, and early function. Intramedullary interlocking nailing offers load-sharing fixation and rotational control, particularly in unstable fracture patterns. Objectives To assess rotational stability, radiological union, functional recovery, weight-bearing progression, and complications after intramedullary interlocking nailing for displaced diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults. Methods This prospective observational study consecutively enrolled 20 adults treated with closed reduction and intramedullary interlocking nailing at the Department of Orthopaedics, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Telangana, India. June 2022 to November 2023 represented the recruitment period. Participants were assessed prospectively after surgery for a minimum of 6 months and up to 12 months. Outcomes included alignment, clinical and radiological union, weight-bearing progression, range of motion, pain, swelling, complications, and Thoresen functional criteria. Results All 20 enrolled participants completed the minimum follow-up and were analyzed. Males constituted 70.0%, road traffic accidents accounted for 75.0%, and middle-third fractures were the most frequent pattern (45.0%). No participant developed clinically significant rotational deformity greater than 10 degrees, angulation greater than 5 degrees, or shortening greater than 2 cm. Primary union occurred in 18 patients (90.0%). One delayed union required dynamization, and one nonunion required exchange nailing with bone grafting. Excellent Thoresen outcomes were observed in 18 patients (90.0%). Conclusion Within the limitations of a small single-centre cohort, intramedullary interlocking nailing provided satisfactory clinical rotational control, maintained alignment, and achieved high union and functional recovery rates in adults with displaced diaphyseal femoral fractures. Recommendations Intramed…
subject: Section of Orthopedics
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creator: Ramesh Ramineni
creator: Mohammad Abdul Akram
creator: Koppula Sreeja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ramesh Ramineni, Dr. Mohammad Abdul Akram, Dr. Koppula Sreeja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2790

Clinical and Medicolegal Profile of Burn Injury Cases Reported to a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Hospital-Based Observational Cross-Sectional Study.
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description: Background: Burn injuries remain a major clinical and medicolegal problem because they produce acute morbidity, disfigurement, disability, psychological distress, and preventable mortality. The pattern of burns varies with age, sex, occupation, domestic environment, source of flame, and intent of injury. Objectives: To assess the clinical and medicolegal profile of burn injury cases reported to a tertiary care hospital and to describe their severity, manner of injury, documentation pattern, and hospital outcome. Methods: This hospital-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Medical College, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India, from January 2025 to December 2025. A total of 100 eligible burn injury cases were included. Sociodemographic variables, type and source of burn, place of occurrence, total body surface area involvement, depth of burn, inhalational injury, wound infection, surgical intervention, medicolegal details, dying declaration status, alleged dowry-related history, and final outcome were recorded. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age was 32.6 ± 14.8 years, and participants aged 21-30 years constituted 34.0% of the sample. Females represented 58.0% and homemakers 38.0% of cases. Flame burns accounted for 72.0%; 76.0% occurred at home, and the stove or gas flame was the source in 44.0%. Burns exceeding 40% of total body surface area were present in 44.0%, deep partial-thickness burns in 46.0%, inhalational injury in 20.0%, wound infection in 26.0%, and surgical intervention in 32.0%. Accidental, suicidal, and alleged homicidal burns comprised 76.0%, 18.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The mortality rate was 24.0%. Conclusion: Burn injuries in this setting predominantly affected young adults and females, with domestic flame burns forming the major clinical pattern. Accidental burns were the leading medicolegal category, while extensive burns and complications contributed to poor outcomes. Recommendations…
subject: Section of General Medicine Research
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creator: G Mahender
creator: K. Sudhakar Suresh
creator: Mohammad Azharuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. G Mahender, Dr. K. Sudhakar Suresh, Dr. Mohammad Azharuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2789

Sociodemographic and Clinical Profile of Poisoning Cases Presenting to the Emergency Department: A Hospital-Based Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
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description: Background: Acute poisoning is a common emergency presentation and remains an important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Regional data are essential for identifying vulnerable groups, common toxic agents, treatment needs, and outcome patterns. Objectives: To assess the sociodemographic profile, poisoning-related characteristics, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of poisoning cases presenting to the emergency department. Methods: This hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of Government Medical College, Quthbullapur, Medchal-Malkajgiri, Telangana, India, from 1 August 2024 to 31 January 2026 (18 months). Using consecutive sampling, 100 eligible acute-poisoning cases were enrolled. Sociodemographic characteristics, toxic agent, mode and route of exposure, time to hospital arrival, clinical manifestations, severity, management, hospital stay, and outcome were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age was 32.8 ± 14.6 years; 32 (32.0%) patients were aged 21–30 years. Males accounted for 56 (56.0%) cases, rural residents for 62 (62.0%), and married individuals for 61 (61.0%). Pesticides/organophosphorus compounds were the leading agents [38 (38.0%)], followed by drug overdose [18 (18.0%)] and household chemicals [14 (14.0%)]. Suicidal poisoning occurred in 68 (68.0%) cases, and oral ingestion was reported in 92 (92.0%). Nausea/vomiting was the most frequent manifestation [68 (68.0%)]. Intensive care admission and ventilatory support were required in 24 (24.0%) and 14 (14.0%) patients, respectively. Overall, 89 (89.0%) recovered and were discharged, while 6 (6.0%) died. Conclusion: Poisoning predominantly affected young adults, males, rural residents, and agriculture-related groups. Pesticide poisoning and suicidal exposure were the major patterns, underscoring the need for preventive and emergency care strengthening. Recommendations: Community-level poison preventi…
subject: Section of General Medicine Research
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creator: K. Sudhakar Suresh
creator: G Mahender
creator: G JArchana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 G Mahender, Dr. K. Sudhakar Suresh, Dr. G JArchana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2788

Association of glycaemic control with peripheral neuropathy severity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional observational study.
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description: Background: To assess the association between glycaemic control and peripheral neuropathy severity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College/Government General Hospital, Nizamabad, Telangana, India, from March to August 2025. A total of 100 eligible patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included and analysed. Demographic and clinical variables, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were recorded. Glycaemic control was classified as good (<7.0%), suboptimal (7.0-8.9%), or poor (≥9.0%). Peripheral neuropathy was clinically graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe. Associations were evaluated using the chi-square test, and correlation analysis assessed the relationship between HbA1c and neuropathy severity. Results: The mean age was 52.6 ± 10.8 years, and the mean diabetes duration was 8.7 ± 5.1 years. Good, suboptimal, and poor glycaemic control occurred in 28 (28.0%), 38 (38.0%), and 34 (34.0%) patients, respectively. Peripheral neuropathy was present in 77 (77.0%); 32 (32.0%) had mild, 33 (33.0%) moderate, and 12 (12.0%) severe neuropathy. Neuropathy severity differed significantly across HbA1c categories (χ²=26.93, p<0.001). Moderate-to-severe neuropathy was more frequent in patients with HbA1c ≥9.0% than in those with HbA1c <9.0% (70.6% versus 31.8%; χ²=13.63, p<0.001). Mean HbA1c increased from 6.9 ± 0.8% in patients without neuropathy to 10.1 ± 1.1% in those with severe neuropathy (p<0.001), and HbA1c correlated positively with neuropathy severity (r=0.58, p<0.001). Conclusion: Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with greater peripheral neuropathy severity. Higher HbA1c and longer diabetes duration identified patients with an increased neuropathy burden.
subject: Section of General Medicine Research
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creator: Dr. Rajesh Donagiri
creator: Dr. Manoj Sai Kuchi
creator: Dr. Bandi Indu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Rajesh Donagiri, Dr. Manoj Sai Kuchi, Dr. Bandi Indu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2786

Association Between Plasma Thyroid Hormone Concentration and Hepatic Triglyceride Content in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.
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description: Background: Thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating lipid metabolism and hepatic fat homeostasis. Alterations in thyroid hormone levels may contribute to hepatic triglyceride accumulation and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: To evaluate the association between plasma thyroid hormone concentration and hepatic triglyceride content in patients with T2DM. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 90 patients with T2DM evaluated over a 10-month period. Patients were categorized into a low T3 group (n=40) and a normal T3 group (n=50) based on plasma triiodothyronine levels. Hepatic triglyceride content was assessed using imaging studies, and demographic and clinical variables, including age and body mass index (BMI), were recorded. Group comparisons were performed using the independent t-test. Results: Patients with low T3 levels had significantly higher hepatic triglyceride content compared with those with normal T3 levels (18.2 ± 3.7% vs. 12.4 ± 2.7%, p<0.001). Plasma T3 concentrations were significantly lower in the low T3 group (2.77 ± 0.29 pg/mL) than in the normal T3 group (3.57 ± 0.34 pg/mL, p<0.001). No significant difference in age was observed between the groups (56.0 ± 8.2 vs. 54.2 ± 7.5 years, p=0.290), while BMI showed borderline statistical significance (29.2 ± 2.6 vs. 27.9 ± 3.1 kg/m², p=0.051). Conclusion: Lower plasma T3 concentrations are associated with increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation in patients with T2DM, suggesting a potential role of thyroid function in the development of hepatic steatosis. Recommendation: Routine thyroid function assessment may help identify diabetic patients at increased risk of hepatic steatosis and guide early intervention strategies.
subject: Section of General Medicine Research
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creator: Rajesh Kumar Rai
creator: Rajeev Kumar
creator: Saket Vats
creator: Kausal Kishore
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh Kumar Rai, Rajeev Kumar, Saket Vats, Kausal Kishore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2785

An Unusual Case of Partially Thrombosed Right Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Case Report.
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description: Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in most cases does not cause vascular complications, but when it does, these can be serious and life-threatening. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare iatrogenic complication caused by thermal injury, clip erosion, vascular trauma, or infection. Early diagnosis prevents rupture, hemobilia, biliary obstruction, and hemorrhagic shock. Case Presentation: A 67-year-old female patient came to hospital with a persistent abdominal pain and a lump palpable in the right upper quadrant, four weeks after undergoing a Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis at an outside hospital. She did not have any of the following: jaundice, gastrointestinal bleeding, fever, or hemodynamic instability. Ultrasonography showed anechoic collections in the gall bladder fossa which was approximately 71.2 × 40 × 35 mm with the presence of peripheral mural thrombus in the collection. Color Doppler showed turbulent arterial flow with a characteristic “yin-yang” sign, which showed a partially thrombosed pseudoaneurysm. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed a focal outpouching with progressive enhancement in the arterial and venous phase that showed contrast material. Peripheral thrombus was depicted by a surrounding non-enhancing component. The lesion was located outside the liver above the surgical clips. MRI and angiography confirmed a partially thrombosed right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm compressing the bile duct. The patient was successfully treated with coil embolization, with complete resolution on follow-up ultrasound. Conclusion: Post laparoscopic cholecystectomy pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery is a rare, but serious complication. Doppler ultrasonography is a useful first-line diagnostic tool, and computed tomography angiography, MRI, MRCP and digital subtraction angiography are useful for detailed characterization. Quick recognition and endovascular embolisation provide excellent clinical results and reduce ca…
subject: Section of Radiology and Radiotherapy
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creator: Shailesh Rathee
creator: Shweta Aggarwal
creator: Shamim Ahmad
creator: Zahid Salim Ahmad
creator: Gaurav Prakash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shailesh Rathee, Dr. Shweta Aggarwal, Dr. (Prof.) Md. Shamim Ahmad, Dr. Zahid Salim Ahmad, Dr. Gaurav Prakash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2773

Ethnoveterinary medicines used for mitigating goat diseases in Zimbabwe: A narrative review.
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description: Livestock production, including goat farming, is important for rural development as it provides food security and fast-turnaround cash for the household. However, goats are often susceptible to various diseases and ailments. The current study was aimed at identifying and analysing medicinal plants used as ethnoveterinary medicines to treat and manage goat diseases and ailments in Zimbabwe. Ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants used to treat and manage goat diseases and ailments in Zimbabwe was systematically collected using relevant keywords from online databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scielo. Additional information was also obtained from pre-electronic sources such as books, journal articles, dissertations, book chapters, theses, and other scientific articles obtained from the university library. A total of 76 medicinal plants belonging to 34 families are used to treat 62 goat diseases and ailments. Fabaceae (14 taxa), Asteraceae (six), Solanaceae (five), Apocynaceae and Rubiaceae (four taxa each), Anacardiaceae, Asparagaceae, Meliaceae and Pedaliaceae (three taxa each) were the most frequently used plant families. The most treated diseases are endoparasites (53.9%), diarrhoea and wounds (26.3% each), ecto–parasites and ticks (21.1% each), and tick-borne diseases (14.5%). Common plant parts used are roots (38.2%), leaves (30.3%), bark (21.2%) and whole plants (18.4%). Baseline data provided in this study about medicinal plants used to treat and manage goat diseases and ailments in Zimbabwe are important and of great value when evaluating the therapeutic potential and ethnopharmacological properties of medicinal plants. Such data can be used for future ethnopharmacological research focusing on chemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations of the documented species. Although documented taxa are not currently threatened with extinction, harvesting roots, bark, and whole plants as sour…
subject: Section of Ethnopharmacology
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creator: Alfred Maroyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Maroyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.51168/trq3a006

Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pulmonary Complications in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients: A Hospital-Based Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.
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description: Background: Ventilator-associated pulmonary complications are important causes of morbidity and mortality among mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. These complications include ventilator-associated pneumonia, atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, aspiration-related lung injury, pulmonary edema, and barotrauma. Objectives: To assess the clinical profile, risk factors, and outcomes of ventilator-associated pulmonary complications among mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study used prospective data collection in the adult ICU of Government Medical College, Suryapet, Telangana, India, from February 2025 to January 2026. A total of 100 mechanically ventilated patients were included. Demographic variables, comorbidities, indications for ventilation, ventilator-related factors, pulmonary complications, and clinical outcomes were recorded and analysed. Results: The mean age was 56.8 ± 15.4 years, and males constituted 62.0% of patients. Sepsis with respiratory failure was the most common indication for mechanical ventilation. Ventilator-associated pulmonary complications occurred in 42.0% of patients. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was the commonest complication, followed by atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and aspiration-related lung injury. Complications were significantly associated with age above 60 years, COPD, smoking, sepsis, prolonged ventilation, reintubation, prolonged sedation, and prior antibiotic exposure. Patients with complications had longer ventilation duration, longer ICU and hospital stay, higher tracheostomy requirement, and higher ICU mortality. Conclusion: Ventilator-associated pulmonary complications were frequent among mechanically ventilated ICU patients and were linked to prolonged ventilation, reintubation, chronic lung disease, sepsis, and adverse clinical outcomes. Recommendations: Early risk recognition, strict ventilator care bundle adherence, daily…
subject: Section of General Medicine Research
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creator: Dr Mounika Vaditya
creator: Dr. Polam Radhika
creator: Dr Thati Nagendar
creator: Dr. Pampana Eshwaramma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Mounika Vaditya, Dr. Polam Radhika, Dr Thati Nagendar, Dr. Pampana Eshwaramma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2766

https://www.sjhrafrica.org.sjhresearchafrica.org/index.php/public-html/en/article/view/2763
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title: Comparison of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to 0.5% bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block for elective upper limb surgeries: a randomized double-blind comparative study.
description: Background Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block is an effective regional anesthetic technique for upper limb surgery. The addition of adjuvants to long-acting local anesthetics improves block quality and extends postoperative analgesia. Dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine are frequently used, but their comparative clinical profile remains relevant for routine practice. Objectives To compare dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to 0.5% bupivacaine for ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block in elective upper limb surgeries. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative study was conducted from 1 May 2024 to 30 April 2025 and included 60 adult patients aged 18-60 years with ASA physical status I-II. A computer-generated variable-block sequence with sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes allocated participants in a 1:1 ratio. Group Dex received 25 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine with 75 mcg dexmedetomidine, while Group D received 25 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine with 6 mg dexamethasone. Sensory and motor onset, block duration, postoperative analgesia, pain scores, hemodynamics, and adverse events were assessed. Results Both groups were comparable for age, sex, body mass index, ASA grade, and baseline hemodynamic profile. Group Dex had faster sensory onset (4.27 +/- 1.07 versus 4.82 +/- 0.93 minutes) and motor onset (6.18 +/- 0.95 versus 6.74 +/- 1.05 minutes). Sensory block duration was longer in Group Dex (774.75 +/- 58.01 versus 545.34 +/- 66.43 minutes), as was motor block duration (505.34 +/- 66.43 versus 451.17 +/- 47.02 minutes). Postoperative analgesia was also longer in Group Dex (14.71 +/- 1.85 versus 13.54 +/- 0.75 hours). Early postoperative VAS scores were lower in Group Dex, with similar 24-hour scores. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine provided faster onset, longer sensory and motor blockade, longer postoperative analgesia, and better early pain control compared with dexamethasone. Recommendat…
subject: Section of Anesthesia and Surgery Research
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creator: Dr. Kammali Akhil
creator: Dr.Sirisha Mutchi
creator: Dr Vaddi Preethi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kammali Akhil, Dr.Sirisha Mutchi, Dr. Vaddi Preethi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2763

An Andragogical Evaluation of Immersive Virtual Reality for Nursing and Midwifery Education: A Descriptive Pilot Mixed-Methods Study in Uganda.
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description: Background: Nursing and midwifery education in low‑resource settings often has limited access to simulation facilities and opportunities for repeated practice. This study examined how immersive Virtual Reality (VR) supports learning among healthcare professionals in Uganda. Methods: This pilot mixed‑methods study involved forty healthcare professionals (nurses, midwives, emergency care providers, and instructors). Participants completed a two‑day VR training using four locally developed modules: postpartum hemorrhage (EMOTIVE), cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ABCDE (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) emergency assessment, and eclampsia management. A retrospective pre-post questionnaire assessed perceived knowledge, engagement, relevance, usability, and adoption. Cronbach’s alpha for learning and adoption domains was 0.853 (95% CI 0.776-0.913). Qualitative responses were thematically analyzed to capture participant perspectives. Results: Self‑rated knowledge increased across all groups, with the largest gains among those with less than one year of experience. Engagement (M = 4.88), motivation (M = 4.60), and theory-practice connection (M = 4.42) received consistently high ratings across professional groups. Module use matched professional roles: midwives preferred the EMOTIVE and Eclampsia modules, whereas emergency care providers preferred the ABCDE and Resuscitation modules. Usability challenges included motion discomfort (23/40; 58%), controller use (23/40; 58%), limited practice time (21/40; 53%), and navigation difficulties (20/40; 50%). Despite these, 97.5% of participants supported recommending VR and integrating it into curricula. Qualitative findings reinforced quantitative results, highlighting stronger theory-practice links, active participation, confidence building, and learning through repetition. Conclusion: Immersive VR was feasible and acceptable for continuing professional development in nursing and midwifery education in Uganda. Th…
subject: Section of Information Technology, Planning and Management
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creator: Steve Ronald Mwanje
creator: Abbey Ssekalem
creator: Ambrose Felix Okello
creator: Lilian Ritah Barungi
creator: Martin Okoed
creator: Agnes Asiimwe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Steve Ronald Mwanje, Abbey Ssekalem, Ambrose Felix Okello, Lilian Ritah Barungi, Martin Okoed, Agnes Asiimwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 16
ending page: 16
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2757

Clinical, radiological, and microbiological profile of non-resolving pneumonia in adults: a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study.
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description: Background Non-resolving pneumonia is a clinically important condition in which pulmonary infiltrates and symptoms persist despite initial antimicrobial therapy. It requires structured evaluation because the underlying cause includes resistant bacterial infection, tuberculosis, fungal disease, bronchiectasis, aspiration, inflammatory lung disease, and malignancy. Objectives To assess the clinical, radiological, microbiological, and etiological profile of non-resolving pneumonia among adult patients. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study consecutively enrolled 100 adults with non-resolving pneumonia at CMR Institute of Medical Sciences from August 2025 to January 2026. Participants underwent structured clinical assessment, chest radiography, high-resolution computed tomography, sputum microbiology, tuberculosis testing, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, and tissue diagnosis when indicated. Results Of 118 adults examined for eligibility, 108 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and 100 consented, completed the diagnostic evaluation, and were analyzed. The mean age was 56.8 ± 14.2 years, and males accounted for 64.0% of cases. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and previous pulmonary tuberculosis were common risk factors. Lobar consolidation was the leading radiological finding. Microbiological diagnosis was obtained in 62.0% of patients; bacterial infection was most common, followed by pulmonary tuberculosis, fungal infection, and mixed infection. Bacterial pneumonia with delayed resolution was the leading final diagnosis, followed by tuberculosis, bronchiectasis-associated infection, lung malignancy, and inflammatory lung disease. Conclusion Non-resolving pneumonia in adults showed heterogeneous causes, with infections forming the major group and malignancy remaining an important hidden diagnosis. Recommendations Adults with persistent clinical or radiological pneumonia should undergo early stepwise eval…
subject: Section of Ophthalmology Research
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creator: Pallavi Reddy
creator: Manda Srujana
creator: Naga Sravya Jaladi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Pallavi Reddy , Dr. Manda Srujana, Dr. Naga Sravya Jaladi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2755

Etiological analysis of pale optic disc and its association with six-month visual outcome in patients attending a tertiary care hospital: a prospective observational cohort study.
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description: Background Pale optic disc indicates established optic nerve damage caused by inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, compressive, infectious, toxic, or metabolic disorders. Etiological identification is important because visual recovery varies substantially across causes. Objectives To determine the etiological spectrum of pale optic disc and assess its association with six-month best-corrected visual acuity outcome. Methods This prospective, hospital-based observational cohort study included 50 adults with optic disc pallor attending a tertiary-care ophthalmology department. Participants underwent standardized ocular examination, colour vision and visual field assessment, selected electrophysiology, laboratory investigations, and neuroimaging when indicated. Visual improvement was defined as a gain of at least one Snellen line at six months. Etiology and visual outcome were compared using Pearson's chi-square test and the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test. Results The mean age was 38.68 ± 12.09 years, and 56.0% were male. Traumatic optic neuropathy was the leading etiology (28.0%), followed by optic neuritis and tumor-related optic neuropathy (22.0% each) and primary optic atrophy (16.0%). Overall, 17 of 50 patients improved (34.0%; 95% CI, 22.4%-47.8%). Improvement occurred in 72.7% of optic neuritis cases (95% CI, 43.4%-90.3%), 54.5% of tumor-related cases (95% CI, 28.0%-78.7%), and 21.4% of traumatic optic neuropathy cases (95% CI, 7.6%-47.6%). Visual improvement differed significantly by etiology (Pearson χ²(9)=17.62, p=0.040; Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact p=0.011; Cramér's V=0.59). Conclusion Pale optic disc had heterogeneous causes and generally guarded visual outcomes. Optic neuritis showed the most favourable recovery, whereas established primary optic atrophy showed no improvement. Recommendations Early neuro-ophthalmic assessment, directed imaging, cause-specific treatment, and structured follow-up should be prioritized.
subject: Section of Ophthalmology Research
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creator: Yeshamalla Bhavana
creator: Boddupally Soujanya
creator: Beatrice Choppara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Yeshamalla Bhavana, Dr. Boddupally Soujanya, Dr. Beatrice Choppara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2754

Medicinal uses and ethnopharmacological properties of Combretum woodii Dümmer: A narrative review
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description: Combretum woodii Dümmer is a deciduous climber, shrub, or tree that has potential as a medicinal plant in Eswatini, Mozambique, and South Africa. This study aimed to review the medicinal uses and ethnopharmacological properties of C. woodii. A systematic review of the scientific literature on the therapeutic potential of C. woodii was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The literature search was conducted using databases PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, Scopus, and SciELO, as well as pre-electronic literature sources such as book chapters, books, and other scientific publications obtained from the university library. Results from this systematic review revealed that C. woodii is used as a purgative and as traditional medicine for gastrointestinal problems, female infertility, respiratory infections, sexually transmitted infections, sores, and wounds. The phytochemical assessment of C. woodii showed that the species contains 2',3',4-trihydroxyl-3,5,4'-trimethoxyl bibenzyl (combretastatin B5), cycloart-24-en-3β-ol, gardenolic acid A, §-glutinol, lupeol, and methyl gardenolate A. The crude extracts of C. woodii leaves exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, anticoccidial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This traditional ecological knowledge about C. woodii accumulated from the past to the present is extremely important and of great value in the assessment of the therapeutic potential and ethnopharmacological value of the species. Detailed studies on C. woodii, focusing on phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological evaluations, as well as in vivo, pre-clinical, and clinical studies, are recommended.
subject: Section of Ethnopharmacology
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creator: Alfred Maroyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Maroyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2752

Role of sonoelastography and triphasic CT scan in focal liver lesions: A cross-sectional study.
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description: Background Focal liver lesions (FLL) range from benign entities to malignant tumours, and accurate characterisation is essential for management decisions. This study assessed the diagnostic utility of sonoelastography (SE) and triphasic computed tomography (CT) in evaluating FLL, comparing their diagnostic efficacy and correlation with histopathological findings. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Katihar Medical College, Katihar, from July 2022 to December 2024, involving 60 patients with clinically suspected FLL. All patients underwent SE using shear wave elastography and triphasic CT. Diagnostic parameters (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy) were calculated and compared against histopathological examination (HPE), the reference standard. Results The mean age was 48.0 ± 17.2 years, with a male predominance (83.3%). Amoebic abscess and metastasis were the most common diagnoses (25.0% each), followed by hemangioma and hepatocellular carcinoma (16.7% each). Overall, 30 lesions (50.0%) were benign and 30 (50.0%) were malignant. Arterial-phase peripheral rim hyperenhancement (30.0%) and delayed-phase hypoenhancement (50.0%) were the commonest CT patterns. SE stiffness values greater than 2.44 m/s were strongly suggestive of malignancy. Triphasic CT showed 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy against HPE. Conclusion SE and triphasic CT are complementary, reliable, non-invasive modalities for characterising FLL. Triphasic CT demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy, while SE provided additional stiffness-based information; together, they improve diagnostic confidence and may reduce reliance on invasive biopsy. Recommendation Triphasic CT combined with SE should be considered as a first-line, non-invasive strategy for the diagnostic work-up of FLL, with further validation in larger, prospective, multicentric studies before wider adoption into routine clinical protocol…
subject: Section of Radiology and Radiotherapy
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creator: DR SYED HALEEM HAIDER ABIDI
creator: DR AHMAD RIZWAN KARIM
creator: DR KHUSHBOO MUSTAFI
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Syed Haleem Haider Abidi, Dr. Ahmad Rizwan Karim, Dr. Khushboo Mustafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/vxa6r494

Pattern of Osteosarcoma Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Bihar: A Retrospective Observational Study.
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description: Background Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and is characterized by aggressive local growth and early metastasis. Regional data regarding osteosarcoma patterns in Bihar are limited. Aim To analyze the demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological patterns of osteosarcoma among AYA patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Bihar. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2024 and June 2025 at a tertiary care hospital in Bihar. Medical records of 40 histopathologically confirmed osteosarcoma patients aged 10–39 years were reviewed. Demographic and clinicopathological variables, including age, sex, tumor location, histological subtype, stage at presentation, and metastatic status, were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Chi-square test was used, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among 40 patients, 26 (65.0%) were males, and 14 (35.0%) were females. The mean age was 19.8±6.4 years. The distal femur (45.0%) was the most common tumor site, followed by the proximal tibia (30.0%). Osteoblastic osteosarcoma was the predominant histological subtype (60.0%). Metastatic disease at diagnosis was observed in 27.5% of patients. Delayed presentation (>6 months) was significantly associated with metastatic disease (p=0.018). Conclusion Osteosarcoma predominantly affected adolescent males and frequently involved bones around the knee joint. Delayed presentation contributed significantly to advanced disease. Recommendation Early recognition of persistent bone pain and strengthening referral pathways are recommended to facilitate timely diagnosis and improve outcomes.
subject: Section of Orthopedics
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creator: Rahul Anshuman
creator: Surya Prakash
creator: Saurabh Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rahul Anshuman, Surya Prakash, Saurabh Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2740

Comparative Study of Functional Outcomes in Limb Salvage versus Amputation in Osteosarcoma Patients.
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description: Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor among adolescents and young adults. Advances in chemotherapy and reconstructive techniques have increased the use of limb salvage surgery as an alternative to amputation. However, comparative data regarding functional outcomes in resource-limited settings remain limited. Aim: To compare the functional outcomes of limb salvage surgery and amputation in osteosarcoma patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted over two years at a tertiary care hospital and included 35 histopathologically confirmed osteosarcoma patients who underwent either limb salvage surgery or amputation. Demographic details, treatment modality, postoperative complications, mobility, and functional outcomes were collected from hospital records. Functional outcome was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The mean age of participants was 18.4 years, with males constituting 62.9% (n=22) of the study population. Limb salvage surgery was performed in 22 (62.9%) patients, while 13 (37.1%) underwent amputation. The mean MSTS score was significantly higher in the limb salvage group compared with the amputation group (25.6 vs. 18.2; p=0.01). Patients undergoing limb salvage demonstrated better mobility and overall satisfaction. Postoperative complications included infection (17.1%), phantom limb pain (14.3%), local recurrence (11.4%), and implant failure (8.6%). Conclusion: Limb salvage surgery provides superior functional outcomes and improved quality of life compared with amputation despite a higher risk of postoperative complications. Recommendation: Limb salvage surgery should be considered whenever oncologically feasible, while ensuring careful patient selection, multidisciplinary care, and long-term follow-up.
subject: Section of Orthopedics
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creator: Rahul Anshuman
creator: Saurabh Kumar
creator: Surya Prakash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rahul Anshuman, Saurabh Kumar, Surya Prakash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2739

https://www.sjhrafrica.org.sjhresearchafrica.org/index.php/public-html/en/article/view/2737
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title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Factors associated with Personal Protective Equipment Use Among Coffee Processing Factory Workers in Kibinge Sub-County, Bukomansimbi District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.
description: Background: Workers in coffee processing factories are routinely exposed to occupational hazards, including dust, noise, machinery, and chemical agents. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use is a critical last-resort control measure in mitigating occupational injuries and exposures, yet its uptake in low-income industrial settings remains poorly documented. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning PPE use among coffee processing factory workers in Kibinge Sub-County, Bukomansimbi District, Uganda, and identified factors associated with good PPE use practices. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with quantitative data collection methods was employed. A total of 158 workers were recruited from 15 coffee processing factories using proportionate and simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire embedded in Kobo Collect and analysed using STATA 14, with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses performed. Results: The majority of participants (72.2%) were male, with a mean age of 30.97 years (SD 8.73). Most workers (66.5%) demonstrated good knowledge of PPE, while 51.9% had a positive attitude towards its use. Good PPE practices were reported by 55.1% of participants. In multivariate analysis, four factors were independently associated with good PPE practices: good knowledge (AOR=3.91; 95% CI: 2.36–9.87; p<0.001), positive attitude (AOR=0.27 for negative attitude; 95% CI: 0.12–0.60; p=0.002), temporary employment status (AOR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.17–0.85; p=0.018), and tertiary/university education (AOR=7.83; 95% CI: 1.09–56.14; p=0.040). The majority of workers (70.3%) were responsible for providing their own PPE, and 60.8% had never received any PPE training. Conclusion: While knowledge and attitudes were generally favourable, PPE practices remained suboptimal. The study underscores the need for employer-led PPE provision, structured training, and stronger enforcement of…
subject: Section of Community and Public Health Research
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creator: Ivan Ssebandeke
creator: Aloysius Ssennyonjo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ivan Ssebandeke, Aloysius Ssennyonjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 13
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2737

Chromatographic Parameter Optimization in LC-MS/MS for the Identification of Indole Isomers (AMT and 5-IT) and Comparative Analysis with Benzodiazepine Compounds.
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description: The identification of isomers, such as AMT (3-(2-aminopropyl) indole) and 5-IT (5-(2-aminopropyl) indole), using LC-MS(/MS) method development presents a significant challenge due to their structural similarities. This experiment aimed to understand the parameters affecting chromatographic separation and explore how modifying these parameters could aid in the differentiation of such isomers that prove difficult for mass spectrometry (MS) to discern. The research involved comprehensive manipulation of chromatographic parameters to improve separation efficiency. By altering the strength of the organic phase, the study demonstrated successful separation, leading to the identification of each drug. However, it was observed that changing the flow rate resulted in a shortened analysis time but potentially compromised the resolution. In contrast, the benzodiazepines method required a different approach. Although complete chromatographic separation was unnecessary, gradient elution proved essential due to the wide range of polarities exhibited by the components. Changing parameters in the benzodiazepine method is to see if the phenomenon is the same for all drugs by changing the strength of the solvents. This approach allowed for efficient separation within a shorter time period without sacrificing resolution for early peaks or causing excessive broadening of later peaks. Overall, this study enhances the understanding of chromatography and LC-MS(/MS) method development, enabling researchers to successfully differentiate isomers that were previously challenging for mass spectrometry alone. By applying appropriate chromatographic parameters, scientists can enhance the capability of LC-MS(/MS) analysis and contribute to improved analytical practices in various fields.
subject: Section of Pharmacology and Chemotherapeutics
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creator: Jwan Hasan Hussein
creator: Nirozh Azad Chalabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jwan Hasan Hussein, Nirozh Azad Chalabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 13
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2735

Angiographic profile and clinical outcome in repeat revascularization in patients with multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention: A prospective cross-sectional study.
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description: Background Multivessel coronary artery disease treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) carries a significant risk of repeat revascularization due to in-stent restenosis or progression of coronary disease. Identifying angiographic predictors and clinical outcomes is essential for improving long-term management. Objectives: To evaluate the angiographic profile and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing repeat revascularization following multivessel PCI. Methods This prospective observational study included 80 patients who underwent repeat revascularization after multivessel PCI at the Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, over 18 months. Angiographic characteristics, including target vessel, lesion morphology, stent type, and in-stent restenosis, were assessed. Clinical outcomes, including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), mortality, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization, were recorded over 6 months. Results The mean age was 58.4 ± 9.7 years, and 76.3% of participants were male. The left anterior descending artery was the most commonly involved vessel (52.5%), while in-stent restenosis was the predominant mechanism of repeat revascularization (57.5%). Drug-eluting stents were used in 92.5% of patients. At 6 months, MACE occurred in 17.5% of patients. Diabetes mellitus (p=0.012) and diffuse in-stent restenosis (p=0.028) were independent predictors of adverse outcomes. Conclusion Repeat revascularization after multivessel PCI remains associated with substantial cardiovascular risk, particularly among patients with diabetes mellitus and diffuse in-stent restenosis. Recommendations High-risk patients should receive close follow-up, aggressive risk-factor control, and optimized secondary prevention. Larger multicenter studies with longer follow-up are needed to validate these findings.
subject: Section of Haematology and Blood transfusion science
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creator: T. Dharmatheja
creator: Lais Mohammad
creator: Mathew Iype
creator: Priya S
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 T. Dharmatheja, Lais Mohammad, Mathew Iype, Priya S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2733

Histopathological spectrum of thyroid lesions in thyroidectomy specimens: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study.
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description: Background Thyroid lesions include a wide range of non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic and malignant conditions. Histopathological examination of thyroidectomy specimens remains essential for final diagnosis, classification and subsequent clinical management. Objectives To evaluate the histopathological spectrum of thyroid lesions in thyroidectomy specimens and describe their distribution according to age, sex, clinical presentation and type of thyroidectomy specimen. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study included consecutive thyroidectomy specimens meeting predefined eligibility criteria. The minimum sample size, calculated using a single-proportion formula with 95% confidence, 50% expected prevalence, and 10% absolute precision, was rounded to 100. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and histopathological data were recorded. Specimens underwent routine processing and haematoxylin–eosin staining. Lesions were categorised histologically. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 100 consecutive thyroidectomy specimens were assessed for eligibility. All 100 met the eligibility criteria; no specimen was excluded, and all were included in the final analysis. The age of patients ranged from 18 to 72 years, with a mean age of 41.8 ± 13.6 years. Females constituted 82% of cases, giving a female-to-male ratio of 4.5:1. Anterior neck swelling was present in all patients, followed by compressive symptoms in 22%. Non-neoplastic lesions accounted for 66% of cases, benign neoplastic lesions for 21% and malignant lesions for 13%. Colloid goitre was the most frequent diagnosis (32%), followed by multinodular goitre (18%) and follicular adenoma (14%). Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. Conclusion Benign thyroid lesions predominated in thyroidectomy specimens, with a clear female preponderance. Histopathology confirmed colloid goitre as the leading diagnosis and papillary thyroid carcinoma as the most frequent malign…
subject: Section of Pathology, and Histopathology
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creator: Dr Anand Acharya
creator: Thiragati Venu Gopala Krishna
creator: Kandanala Mallika
creator: Dr. Anand Acharya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Narendra Kumar Chandrashekar, Dr. Thiragati Venu Gopala Krishna, Dr. Kandanala Mallika, Dr. Anand Acharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2729

Clinicopathological profile of pancytopenia in adult patients attending a tertiary care hospital: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
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description: Background Pancytopenia is a clinically important haematological presentation characterized by simultaneous reduction of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Its causes range from reversible nutritional deficiency to marrow failure and haematological malignancy. Objectives To evaluate the clinical presentation, haematological profile, peripheral smear findings, bone marrow patterns and etiological spectrum of pancytopenia in adult patients. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 adult patients with pancytopenia at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India, from September 2025 to February 2026. Adult patients fulfilling haematological criteria for pancytopenia were evaluated using clinical history, physical examination, complete blood count, peripheral smear and bone marrow examination when indicated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results All 100 eligible participants were included and analysed. The mean age was 43.6 ± 16.2 years, and the largest age group was 31–45 years. Males constituted 56% of cases. Generalized weakness was the most frequent symptom, followed by fever and dyspnoea on exertion. Pallor was seen in all patients. Mean haemoglobin, total leukocyte count and platelet count were 6.8 ± 1.7 g/dL, 2,180 ± 760 cells/mm³ and 62,400 ± 28,600/mm³, respectively. Macro-ovalocytes with hypersegmented neutrophils were the commonest peripheral smear finding. Hypercellular marrow was the predominant marrow pattern. Megaloblastic anaemia was the leading etiology, followed by aplastic anaemia, hypersplenism and acute leukaemia. Conclusion Megaloblastic anaemia was the most common cause of adult pancytopenia in this tertiary care setting. A systematic clinicopathological approach helps distinguish treatable causes from marrow failure and malignant disorders. Recommendations Routine peripheral smear review, early haematinic evaluation and selective bone mar…
subject: Section of Pathology, and Histopathology
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creator: Narendra Kumar Chandrashekar
creator: Thiragati Venu Gopala Krishna
creator: Kandanala Mallika
creator: Dr Anand Acharya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Narendra Kumar Chandrashekar, Dr. Thiragati Venu Gopala Krishna, Dr. Kandanala Mallika, Dr. Anand Acharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i2.2728